{"edition":"2026-09-30","people":[{"id":"ahilyabai-holkar","name":"Ahilyabai Holkar","life":"1725–1795 AD","role":"Queen · restorer · public patron","intro":"From her court at Maheshwar, she supported sacred places and public works far beyond the territory she governed.","biography":["Born at Chondi in present-day Maharashtra, Ahilyabai entered the Holkar household and eventually governed Malwa from Maheshwar. Her life connects the duties of a ruler with a sustained programme of religious and public patronage.","Her endowments reached pilgrimage centres across India. The histories of Kashi Vishwanath and Somnath preserve two distinct examples: a new temple at Kashi and a separate shrine near the ruined Somnath site. Her name should not be attached indiscriminately to every later building at those places.","These projects relied on local religious establishments, builders, administrators and continuing endowments. The map locates the contributions supported in this edition; it is not a complete inventory of her patronage."],"achievements":["Governed Malwa from Maheshwar.","Supported ghats, pilgrim accommodation, education and other public works."],"regions":[{"state":"maharashtra","relation":"Birthplace"},{"state":"madhya-pradesh","relation":"Seat of rule"},{"state":"uttar-pradesh","relation":"Restoration"},{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Restoration"}],"sources":["ahilya-pib","kashi","somnath-pib","bio-ahilyabai-holkar"],"national":true,"portrait":{"path":"/images/ahilyabai-holkar.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ahilya_Bai_Holkar_2025_stamp_of_India.jpg","licence":"GODL-India","licenceUrl":"https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/Gazette_Notification_OGDL.pdf","artist":"India Post, Government of India","date":"2025-05-31","type":"2025 AD commemorative stamp"}},{"id":"sardar-patel","name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel","life":"1875–1950 AD","role":"Statesman · organiser","intro":"Remembered for political integration, Patel also set the post-independence rebuilding of Somnath in motion.","biography":["A lawyer from Gujarat, Patel became an organiser of the independence movement, including agrarian campaigns in Kheda and Bardoli. He served as independent India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister.","His national significance extends well beyond temple restoration. Working with V. P. Menon and many other officials and political leaders, he helped integrate princely states into the new Indian Union. Accession and subsequent administrative integration were separate processes.","At Somnath in November 1947 AD, he committed himself to rebuilding. He died before the consecration of May 1951 AD. Munshi, the temple trust, royal supporters, architects and craftspeople carried the work forward; the completed temple cannot be credited to Patel alone."],"achievements":["Played a central role in the integration of princely states.","Organised independence-era political and agrarian campaigns.","Helped establish the institutions of the new Union."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Birthplace and restoration"},{"state":"delhi","relation":"National public office"}],"sources":["somnath-trust","somnath-pib","munshi-somnath","bio-sardar-patel"],"national":true,"portrait":{"path":"/images/sardar-patel.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sardar_patel_(cropped).jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Government of India work","date":"1949-10-31","type":"Historical photograph"}},{"id":"k-m-munshi","name":"K. M. Munshi","life":"1887–1971 AD","role":"Writer · organiser","intro":"Helped turn the Somnath rebuilding proposal into a continuing institutional project.","biography":["Munshi combined a legal and political career with a large body of writing in Gujarati and other languages. His interest in history and education also found institutional form in Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.","He was a leading organiser and advocate of the modern Somnath reconstruction. This profile separates his practical role from the symbolic association of the project with Patel."],"achievements":["Founded Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan in 1938 AD.","Served in the Constituent Assembly and in public office; wrote historical and literary works."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Restoration and birthplace"},{"state":"maharashtra","relation":"Educational institution"},{"state":"delhi","relation":"Public office"}],"sources":["munshi-somnath","somnath-trust","bio-k-m-munshi"],"national":true,"portrait":{"path":"/images/k-m-munshi.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:K_M_Munshi.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Photo Division, Govt. of India","date":"1950-06","type":"Historical photograph"}},{"id":"digvijaysinhji","name":"Digvijaysinhji of Nawanagar","life":"1895–1966 AD","role":"Ruler · trustee","intro":"Supported the modern Somnath temple and laid its foundation stone in 1950 AD.","biography":["The Jam Sahib of Nawanagar was among the royal supporters of the Somnath reconstruction. The temple trust records both his foundation ceremony and later participation as the structure rose in stages."],"achievements":["His wider legacy includes shelter for Polish children during the Second World War."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Seat of rule and restoration"}],"sources":["somnath-trust","bio-digvijaysinhji"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/digvijaysinhji.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jam-Shri-Digvijaysinhji-Ranjitsinhji-Jadeja-Maharaja-Jam-Saheb-of-Nawanagar.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Bassano Ltd","date":"1935-10-21","type":"1935 AD studio photograph"}},{"id":"gopanna","name":"Gopanna / Gopanarya","life":"Active 14th century AD","role":"Commander · restorer","intro":"Associated with the return of Ranganatha’s processional image to Srirangam.","biography":["Gopanna served in the Vijayanagara military world of Kumara Kampana. The Srirangam inscription account names his role in returning the displaced image through Gingee after a period of safekeeping."],"achievements":["His best-attested contribution in this collection is a specific restoration of worship, rather than a complete rebuilding of the temple."],"regions":[{"state":"tamil-nadu","relation":"Restoration"},{"state":"andhra-pradesh","relation":"Image’s place of refuge"}],"sources":["srirangam"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"kumara-kampana","name":"Kumara Kampana","life":"Died 1374 AD","role":"Prince · military commander","intro":"Vijayanagara’s southern campaigns formed the setting for the renewal at Srirangam.","biography":["A son of Bukka I, Kampana led Vijayanagara campaigns in the Tamil country. His wife Gangadevi’s Madhuravijayam celebrates those campaigns; its courtly poetry must be read alongside inscriptions.","Gopanna is the named agent of the image’s return. Kampana’s role is the military and political setting, not a claim that he personally conducted every restoration."],"achievements":["Led campaigns against the Sambuvarayas and the Madurai Sultanate."],"regions":[{"state":"karnataka","relation":"Dynastic base"},{"state":"tamil-nadu","relation":"Campaign and restoration context"}],"sources":["srirangam","bio-kumara-kampana"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"nara-narayan","name":"Nara Narayan","life":"Died 1587 AD","role":"Koch ruler · patron","intro":"The Koch reconstruction of Kamakhya links royal patronage to one of Assam’s central sacred sites.","biography":["Nara Narayan ruled the Koch kingdom alongside the military leadership of his brother Chilarai. Their political sphere crossed areas now divided between Assam and West Bengal."],"achievements":["Remembered for Koch state formation, patronage and Narayani coinage."],"regions":[{"state":"assam","relation":"Restoration"},{"state":"west-bengal","relation":"Royal base"}],"sources":["kamakhya","kamakhya-temple","bio-nara-narayan"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/nara-narayan.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Raja_Nara_Narayan,_from_a_manuscript_illustration_of_Raja_Nara_Narayan_of_the_Koch_Dynasty_of_the_Kamata_Kingdom_seated_on_his_throne_(cropped).jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Unknown artist and scribe","date":"circa 16th–19th century","type":"Manuscript portrait"}},{"id":"chilarai","name":"Chilarai / Sukladhwaja","life":"1510–1571 AD","role":"Commander · royal collaborator","intro":"Remembered with his brother Nara Narayan in the rebuilding of Kamakhya.","biography":["Chilarai was Nara Narayan’s brother and military commander. Institutional accounts associate him with the Koch temple project, although summaries sometimes confuse his role with that of the reigning monarch."],"achievements":["A leading military and administrative figure in the Koch kingdom."],"regions":[{"state":"assam","relation":"Restoration"},{"state":"west-bengal","relation":"Royal base"}],"sources":["kamakhya","kamakhya-temple","bio-chilarai"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/chilarai.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chilarai_Dhubri.JPG","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenceUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","artist":"Wahabdr","date":"2008-09-29","type":"Modern commemorative statue"}},{"id":"mahipala","name":"Mahipala I","life":"Reigned 1308–1331 AD","role":"Chudasama ruler · restorer","intro":"A medieval Somnath rebuilding is attributed to this ruler of Saurashtra.","biography":["Mahipala I ruled from Junagadh. Gir Somnath’s district history places his rebuilding after the devastation associated with the 1299 AD campaign."],"achievements":["A Chudasama ruler of Saurashtra; biographical detail in this edition is limited."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Seat of rule and restoration"}],"sources":["somnath-district","bio-mahipala"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"khengara","name":"Khengara","life":"Active 14th century AD","role":"Chudasama ruler · patron","intro":"Associated with installing a linga at the rebuilt Somnath shrine.","biography":["Gir Somnath’s district history identifies Khengara as Mahipala’s son and places the installation during the period 1331–1351 AD. No precise day or complete biography is established here."],"achievements":["Continued a Chudasama restoration associated with his father."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Restoration"}],"sources":["somnath-district"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"todar-mal","name":"Raja Todar Mal","life":"Died 1589 AD","role":"Administrator · patron","intro":"Backed a sixteenth-century reconstruction of Vishvanatha at Kashi.","biography":["Todar Mal is better known as an important finance and revenue administrator under Akbar. Scholarship on Kashi also connects him to Narayana Bhatta’s reconstruction effort."],"achievements":["Helped shape Mughal revenue administration."],"regions":[{"state":"uttar-pradesh","relation":"Public service and restoration"}],"sources":["kashi-early","bio-todar-mal"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/todar-mal.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raja_Todar_Mall,_Finance_Minister_of_Akbar.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Indian, Moghul","date":"17th centurydate QS:P,+1650-00-00T00:00:00Z/7","type":"Painted portrait"}},{"id":"narayana-bhatta","name":"Narayana Bhatta of Kashi","life":"Active 16th century AD","role":"Scholar · organiser","intro":"A Kashi scholar associated with organising the Vishvanatha reconstruction supported by Todar Mal.","biography":["This is the Dharmaśāstra scholar associated with Banaras and the Bhatta scholarly family. Similar names in devotional histories can refer to different people; no unverified portrait is used here."],"achievements":["Contributed to Sanskrit scholarship and the ritual and intellectual life of Kashi."],"regions":[{"state":"uttar-pradesh","relation":"Scholarship and restoration"}],"sources":["kashi-early","bio-narayana-bhatta"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"ramachandra-deva","name":"Ramachandra Deva I","life":"Active late 16th–early 17th century AD","role":"Khurda ruler · restorer","intro":"Re-established the images and worship of Jagannath at Puri after the sixteenth-century crisis.","biography":["Ramachandra Deva established the Khurda ruling house in the political aftermath of the fall of the earlier Odisha kingdom. Restoring Jagannath worship was central to his public legitimacy.","The temple chronicle and later historical writing link his work to returning the sacred Brahma substance, making new wooden images and renewing ritual service. This is continuity of worship, not a claim that the entire great stone temple was newly built."],"achievements":["Re-established Khurda kingship and its relationship with the Jagannath institution."],"regions":[{"state":"odisha","relation":"Seat of rule and restoration"}],"sources":["odisha-king","bio-ramachandra-deva"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"raj-singh","name":"Maharana Raj Singh I","life":"1629–1680 AD","role":"Mewar ruler · protector","intro":"Offered a secure home in Mewar to the displaced Shrinathji image.","biography":["Raj Singh ruled Mewar during a period of conflict with the Mughal empire. Nathdwara developed around the arrival of Shrinathji from Govardhan, sustained by both royal support and the image’s hereditary custodians."],"achievements":["Sponsored Rajsamand lake and associated public works."],"regions":[{"state":"rajasthan","relation":"Seat of rule and sanctuary"}],"sources":["rajsamand","bio-raj-singh"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/raj-singh.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Maharana_Raj_Singh_-_I.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Raja Ravi Varma","date":"Unknown date","type":"Later painted portrait"}},{"id":"jassa-singh-ahluwalia","name":"Jassa Singh Ahluwalia","life":"1718–1783 AD","role":"Sikh leader · organiser","intro":"Helped organise collective support to rebuild Harmandir Sahib after repeated eighteenth-century destruction.","biography":["Jassa Singh led the Ahluwalia misl and the Dal Khalsa. The restoration at Amritsar depended on the Sikh community and several leaders, not one ruler’s private commission."],"achievements":["A major leader of the Sikh confederacy and founder of Kapurthala State."],"regions":[{"state":"punjab","relation":"Leadership and restoration"}],"sources":["kapurthala","sgpc","bio-jassa-singh-ahluwalia"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/jassa-singh-ahluwalia.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant,_circa_late_18th_century.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Unknown authorUnknown author","date":"circa late 18th century","type":"Equestrian painting"}},{"id":"ranjit-singh","name":"Maharaja Ranjit Singh","life":"1780–1839 AD","role":"Ruler · patron","intro":"Supported the marble and gilded form of Harmandir Sahib and contributed to Kashi Vishwanath.","biography":["Ranjit Singh founded the Sikh Empire with its capital at Lahore, in present-day Pakistan. His patronage connected institutions across political and religious boundaries.","At Amritsar his role followed earlier Sikh rebuilding campaigns. Gilding and embellishment should not be mistaken for the first restoration after destruction."],"achievements":["United a large Sikh state and developed its army and administration."],"regions":[{"state":"punjab","relation":"Temple patronage"},{"state":"uttar-pradesh","relation":"Temple patronage"}],"sources":["sgpc","kashi","bio-ranjit-singh"],"national":true,"portrait":{"path":"/images/ranjit-singh.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oval-shaped_tondo_portrait_painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh,_Lucknow,_Awadh,_ca.1810%E2%80%9320_(oval_crop).webp","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Unknown Company School artist","date":"circa 1810-1820","type":"Historical painted portrait"}},{"id":"jai-singh-ii","name":"Sawai Jai Singh II","life":"1688–1743 AD","role":"Ruler · city builder","intro":"Made Jaipur a lasting home for the Govind Dev Ji image from Vrindavan.","biography":["Jai Singh founded Jaipur and supported astronomy, planning and temple institutions. Govind Dev Ji’s place within the new capital connected royal government with an already established devotional community."],"achievements":["Founded Jaipur in 1727 AD.","Sponsored astronomical observatories and scholarship."],"regions":[{"state":"rajasthan","relation":"Seat of rule and sanctuary"}],"sources":["jaipur","bio-jai-singh-ii"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/jai-singh-ii.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1_Maharaja_Sawai_Jai_Singh_II_ca_1725_Jaipur._British_museum.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Unknown artistUnknown artist","date":"Circa 1725","type":"Historical painted portrait"}},{"id":"pillai-lokacharya","name":"Pillai Lokacharya","life":"Medieval period; dates debated","role":"Teacher · remembered rescuer","intro":"Sri Vaishnava tradition remembers him protecting Ranganatha’s processional image during an invasion.","biography":["A major Sri Vaishnava teacher and author, Pillai Lokacharya occupies a central place in the memory of the Srirangam crisis. Accounts differ in chronology, including how the raid dates align with his life."],"achievements":["Authored influential works of Sri Vaishnava theology."],"regions":[{"state":"tamil-nadu","relation":"Teaching and rescue tradition"}],"sources":["srirangam","bio-pillai-lokacharya"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/pillai-lokacharya.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Swami_Pillai_Lokacharya.JPG","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenceUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","artist":"Debanjon","date":"2015-01-01","type":"Devotional statue"}},{"id":"vedanta-desika","name":"Vedanta Desika","life":"c. 1269–1370 AD","role":"Philosopher · manuscript custodian","intro":"Remembered for preserving a theological manuscript and a scholarly lineage during the Srirangam crisis.","biography":["Desika wrote philosophy, poetry and devotional works in several languages. Religious biographies recount his safeguarding of the Srutaprakasika and the children of its author, Sudarshana Suri, during flight from Srirangam."],"achievements":["An influential philosopher and multilingual author in the Sri Vaishnava tradition."],"regions":[{"state":"tamil-nadu","relation":"Teaching and rescue tradition"},{"state":"karnataka","relation":"Place of refuge in tradition"}],"sources":["desika","bio-vedanta-desika"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"bisara-mohanty","name":"Bisara Mohanty","life":"Active 16th century AD","role":"Devotee · remembered custodian","intro":"Jagannath tradition credits him with preserving the sacred Brahma substance through the crisis of 1568 AD.","biography":["The story concerns the survival of a sacred element of the wooden images and its later return for renewed worship. Its ritual meaning is distinct from verifying an uninterrupted material chain of custody."],"achievements":["Remembered for custodianship linking the destruction narrative to the later renewal at Puri."],"regions":[{"state":"odisha","relation":"Custodianship tradition"}],"sources":["odisha-rescue","odisha-king","bio-bisara-mohanty"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"kanhadadeva","name":"Kanhadadeva","life":"Reigned c. 1292–1311 AD","role":"Jalore ruler · remembered defender","intro":"A later poem connects him with an attempted recovery of sacred objects taken from Somnath.","biography":["Kanhadadeva ruled Jalore and died during the Delhi Sultanate’s conquest. Padmanabha’s Kanhadade Prabandha, composed in 1455 AD, makes him the hero of a much earlier rescue story.","Other chronicles and modern historians differ over the participation of his forces and the outcome. The story appears here as disputed historical memory, with no claim that the recovered object has been identified."],"achievements":["Defended Jalore during conflict with the Delhi Sultanate."],"regions":[{"state":"rajasthan","relation":"Seat of rule and rescue narrative"}],"sources":["kanhada","bio-kanhadadeva"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"shantidas-jhaveri","name":"Shantidas Jhaveri","life":"1584–1659 AD","role":"Merchant · legal advocate","intro":"Pursued imperial restitution after the conversion of his Jain temple at Ahmedabad.","biography":["A prominent Ahmedabad jeweller and financier, Shantidas used access to the Mughal court in a dispute over the Chintamani Parshvanath temple. A firman of Shah Jahan is part of the documentary trail.","An order returning property is not proof that ritual worship resumed. The historical accounts describe a more limited and troubled outcome."],"achievements":["A significant merchant and representative of Ahmedabad’s Jain community."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Community leadership and legal action"}],"sources":["shantidas-wiki","shantidas-firman","bio-shantidas-jhaveri"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/shantidas-jhaveri.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shantidas_Jhaveri_Jain_merchant.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Unknown authorUnknown author","date":"2020-12-17","type":"Portrait representation"}},{"id":"karmashah","name":"Karmashah","life":"Active 16th century AD","role":"Merchant · restoration patron","intro":"Named in the inscription-based history of Shatrunjaya’s sixteenth-century restoration.","biography":["Karmashah’s place here rests on a specific dated restoration recorded in the Shatrunjaya survey. Stories about court friendships and exact sums are not repeated without stronger verification."],"achievements":["Supported renewal of an important Jain pilgrimage complex."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Restoration"}],"sources":["palitana-book"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"pethada","name":"Pethada","life":"Active 13th century AD","role":"Jain patron · restorer","intro":"Associated with repairs at Shatrunjaya in 1278 AD.","biography":["The survey of Shatrunjaya identifies the Pethadarasa as a textual record of his repairs. His wider biography is outside what has been established in this edition."],"achievements":["An early patron within this collection’s preservation period."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Restoration"}],"sources":["palitana-book"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"samara-shah","name":"Samara Shah","life":"Active 14th century AD","role":"Jain patron · restorer","intro":"Associated with a Shatrunjaya restoration in 1315 AD.","biography":["The Samararasa is the named textual witness in the published restoration chronology. We retain that distinction from a directly inspected inscription."],"achievements":["Supported the continued use of a major Jain pilgrimage site."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Restoration"}],"sources":["palitana-book"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"tejpal-soni","name":"Tejpal Soni","life":"Active 16th century AD","role":"Jain patron · restorer","intro":"Named in Shatrunjaya’s inscription-based restoration chronology for 1594 AD.","biography":["Tejpal Soni belongs to a later phase of renewal at the complex. He is not conflated here with other, better-known Jain patrons called Tejpal."],"achievements":["Contributed to the continuing renewal of Shatrunjaya."],"regions":[{"state":"gujarat","relation":"Restoration"}],"sources":["palitana-book"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"anagarika-dharmapala","name":"Anagarika Dharmapala","life":"1864–1933 AD","role":"Buddhist revivalist · organiser","intro":"Campaigned to renew Buddhist worship and participation in the custody of Bodhgaya.","biography":["Born in Sri Lanka, Dharmapala developed an international movement around Buddhist sacred places in India. He helped establish the Maha Bodhi Society in 1891 AD; its Indian work was organised from Calcutta.","The Mahabodhi temple had already undergone major physical restoration before his campaign. His contribution concerns religious revival and access, rather than credit for that earlier structural work."],"achievements":["Helped establish the Maha Bodhi Society.","Promoted Buddhist education, publishing and international connections."],"regions":[{"state":"bihar","relation":"Revival campaign"},{"state":"west-bengal","relation":"Organisational base"},{"state":"uttar-pradesh","relation":"Later religious work"}],"sources":["mahabodhi-society","mahabodhi","bio-anagarika-dharmapala"],"national":true,"portrait":{"path":"/images/anagarika-dharmapala.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dharmapala_color.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Mahabodhi Society","date":"circa 1900date QS:P,+1900-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902","type":"Portrait representation"}},{"id":"alexander-cunningham","name":"Alexander Cunningham","life":"1814–1893 AD","role":"Archaeologist · survey organiser","intro":"Directed archaeological work at Bodhgaya during a transformative, and debated, restoration period.","biography":["A British engineer and archaeological surveyor, Cunningham helped organise the Archaeological Survey of India. His excavations at Bodhgaya exposed earlier structures and accompanied extensive restoration.","Modern scholarship asks what was lost or altered during that reconstruction. Inclusion here records a contribution to conservation history, not approval of every colonial collecting or restoration practice."],"achievements":["Helped establish systematic archaeological surveying in India.","Published reports, plans and studies of sites and inscriptions."],"regions":[{"state":"bihar","relation":"Excavation and conservation"}],"sources":["bodhgaya-research","mahabodhi","bio-alexander-cunningham"],"national":true,"portrait":{"path":"/images/alexander-cunningham.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Unknown authorUnknown author","date":"Unknown date pre-1893","type":"Historical portrait"}},{"id":"joseph-beglar","name":"Joseph David Beglar","life":"1845–1907 AD","role":"Engineer · archaeological photographer","intro":"His photographs preserve evidence of Mahabodhi before major rebuilding.","biography":["An engineer and photographer working with the Archaeological Survey of India, Beglar collaborated with Cunningham. His pre-restoration photographs remain evidence for understanding changes to the temple."],"achievements":["Produced archaeological photographs and survey documentation."],"regions":[{"state":"bihar","relation":"Conservation documentation"}],"sources":["bodhgaya-research","bio-joseph-beglar"],"national":false,"portrait":null},{"id":"shivaji","name":"Chhatrapati Shivaji","life":"1630–1680 AD","role":"Ruler · restoration patron","intro":"Commissioned the rebuilding of Saptakoteshwar at Narve in Goa.","biography":["Shivaji founded the Maratha kingdom and was crowned at Raigad in 1674 AD. A Goa Tourism account connects his 1668 AD temple work to an inscription at the entrance.","The temple’s earlier destruction and the relocation of its sacred image are separate episodes. His rebuilding at Narve should not be treated as preservation of the original structure in situ."],"achievements":["Established the Maratha kingdom and developed its military and administrative institutions."],"regions":[{"state":"maharashtra","relation":"Seat of rule"},{"state":"goa","relation":"Restoration"}],"sources":["goa","bio-shivaji"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/shivaji.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg","licence":"Public domain","licenceUrl":"","artist":"Unknown authorUnknown author","date":"1680-1687 [1]","type":"Historical painted portrait"}},{"id":"k-k-muhammed","name":"K. K. Muhammed","life":"Born 1952 AD","role":"Archaeologist · conservator","intro":"Led an ASI team in reassembling collapsed temples at Bateshwar in Madhya Pradesh.","biography":["Muhammed’s career in the Archaeological Survey of India included the difficult conservation of Bateshwar. In his published account, access required negotiations with armed outlaws before stone-by-stone work could proceed.","This is a modern conservation story involving an institutional team and craftspeople. The cause of the ancient collapse is uncertain; the collection does not label it as a proven act of iconoclasm."],"achievements":["Worked on archaeological excavation, restoration and public interpretation.","Received the Padma Shri in 2019 AD."],"regions":[{"state":"madhya-pradesh","relation":"Conservation"},{"state":"kerala","relation":"Birthplace"}],"sources":["muhammed","bio-k-k-muhammed"],"national":false,"portrait":{"path":"/images/k-k-muhammed.webp","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saarc_Award_-_KK_Muhammedpic.jpg","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenceUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","artist":"Jamshedhkk","date":"2010-03-26 10:01:51","type":"Photograph"}}],"contributions":[{"id":"kashi-1780","title":"A new Vishwanath temple","people":[{"id":"ahilyabai-holkar","role":"Commissioned and funded rebuilding"}],"site":"Kashi Vishwanath","state":"uttar-pradesh","date":"1780 AD","to":1780,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"Ahilyabai commissioned the temple recognised in the official Kashi account as the present Vishwanath shrine.","method":"Royal patronage and construction with local religious custodians and builders.","outcome":"The shrine became the centre of continuing worship. Later gilding and modern precinct changes are separate interventions.","caveat":"This does not mean that the demolished seventeenth-century structure survives unchanged.","collaborators":"Local temple custodians, administrators and craftspeople. Individual construction roles need further archival work.","sources":[{"id":"kashi","locator":"Temple history: Ahilyabai and 1780"}],"location":{"latitude":25.3108,"longitude":83.0106,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/kashi-vishwanath/"},"brokenTemple":"kashi-vishwanath","from":1780},{"id":"somnath-ahilya","title":"Keeping worship alive near Somnath","people":[{"id":"ahilyabai-holkar","role":"Sponsored a separate shrine"}],"site":"Somnath sacred precinct","state":"gujarat","date":"1780s AD","to":1789,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"Ahilyabai supported a shrine near the earlier Somnath site.","method":"Patronage of a replacement place of worship in the same sacred landscape.","outcome":"Her shrine remains distinct from the large twentieth-century reconstruction.","caveat":"Sources vary on the exact year; a decade is used. The marker locates the precinct, not the shrine’s exact footprint.","collaborators":"Local priests and builders maintained the institution.","sources":[{"id":"somnath-pib","locator":"Ahilyabai’s eighteenth-century shrine"}],"location":{"latitude":20.888,"longitude":70.4014,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/somnath/"},"brokenTemple":"somnath","from":1780},{"id":"somnath-modern","title":"The modern Somnath reconstruction","people":[{"id":"sardar-patel","role":"Launched and championed the project"},{"id":"k-m-munshi","role":"Organised and sustained the project"},{"id":"digvijaysinhji","role":"Trust leadership, support and foundation ceremony"}],"site":"Somnath","state":"gujarat","date":"1947–1951 AD; later building phases","to":1951,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"documented","action":"A public reconstruction campaign followed Patel’s visit in November 1947 AD. Digvijaysinhji laid the foundation on 8 May 1950 AD; consecration followed on 11 May 1951 AD.","method":"Institutional organisation, donations, architectural planning and skilled construction.","outcome":"The temple was consecrated in 1951 AD, with major later phases. The Trust records a dedication of the fully reconstructed temple in 1995 AD.","caveat":"Patel died in 1950 AD. Consecration was not the completion of every part of the building; accounts disagree on the November visit’s day.","collaborators":"K. M. Munshi, the Somnath Trust, U. N. Dhebar, architect Prabhashankar Sompura, craftspeople and donors; Rajendra Prasad performed the consecration.","sources":[{"id":"somnath-trust","locator":"Modern temple chronology"},{"id":"somnath-pib","locator":"Post-independence rebuilding"},{"id":"munshi-somnath","locator":"Organisation and correspondence"}],"location":{"latitude":20.888,"longitude":70.4014,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/somnath/"},"brokenTemple":"somnath","from":1947},{"id":"somnath-mahipala","title":"A medieval rebuilding at Somnath","people":[{"id":"mahipala","role":"Rebuilding patron"}],"site":"Somnath","state":"gujarat","date":"1308 AD","to":1308,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"District history attributes a rebuilding to Mahipala I after the earlier sack.","method":"Chudasama royal patronage.","outcome":"A renewed shrine formed part of a longer sequence of rebuilding.","caveat":"The present temple is a later structure. The underlying medieval evidence has not been independently re-edited.","collaborators":"Builders and temple custodians are not individually identified in the consulted summary.","sources":[{"id":"somnath-district","locator":"Mahipala I rebuilding paragraph"}],"location":{"latitude":20.888,"longitude":70.4014,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/somnath/"},"brokenTemple":"somnath","from":1308},{"id":"somnath-khengara","title":"Restoring the linga","people":[{"id":"khengara","role":"Installation patron"}],"site":"Somnath","state":"gujarat","date":"Between 1331 and 1351 AD","to":1351,"kind":"Revival of worship","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"Khengara is associated with installing the linga following his father’s rebuilding.","method":"Royal support for ritual re-establishment.","outcome":"The account describes renewal of worship, distinct from the building campaign.","caveat":"The source provides a range, not an exact installation date.","collaborators":"Temple ritual specialists and the Chudasama court.","sources":[{"id":"somnath-district","locator":"Khengara installation paragraph"}],"location":{"latitude":20.888,"longitude":70.4014,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/somnath/"},"brokenTemple":"somnath","from":1331},{"id":"srirangam-return","title":"Ranganatha returns to Srirangam","people":[{"id":"gopanna","role":"Returned and reinstalled the image"},{"id":"kumara-kampana","role":"Military and political context"}],"site":"Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam","state":"tamil-nadu","date":"1371–1372 AD","to":1372,"kind":"Revival of worship","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"The inscription account credits Gopanna with bringing the displaced image back through Gingee.","method":"Protected movement of a sacred image and reinstallation after regional campaigns.","outcome":"Worship of the returned image resumed at Srirangam.","caveat":"The account is tied to an inscription dated Saka 1293; this edition uses its AD year range and does not claim a new translation.","collaborators":"Image custodians, Gopanna’s following and the Vijayanagara administration.","sources":[{"id":"srirangam","locator":"Second-prakara inscription and return narrative"}],"location":{"latitude":10.8625,"longitude":78.68972,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/srirangam/"},"brokenTemple":"srirangam","from":1371},{"id":"srirangam-rescue","title":"An image carried into refuge","people":[{"id":"pillai-lokacharya","role":"Rescuer in Sri Vaishnava tradition"}],"site":"Srirangam","state":"tamil-nadu","date":"Early 14th century AD; chronology debated","to":1335,"kind":"Sanctuary & rescue","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"tradition","action":"Community histories remember Lokacharya leading the processional image away from danger.","method":"Flight, concealment and continued custodianship rather than physical defence of the whole temple.","outcome":"The story forms part of the memory of the image’s survival and eventual return.","caveat":"Raid dates and traditional lifespans conflict. No exact rescue date or fully reconstructed route is asserted.","collaborators":"Disciples and successive image custodians; later return credited to Gopanna.","sources":[{"id":"srirangam","locator":"Displacement and protection narrative"}],"location":{"latitude":10.8625,"longitude":78.68972,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/srirangam/"},"brokenTemple":"srirangam","from":1300},{"id":"desika-manuscript","title":"Preserving a manuscript and a lineage","people":[{"id":"vedanta-desika","role":"Custodian in religious biography"}],"site":"Srirangam and places of refuge","state":"tamil-nadu","date":"Early 14th century AD","to":1335,"kind":"Sanctuary & rescue","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"tradition","action":"Desika is remembered for safeguarding the Srutaprakasika and Sudarshana Suri’s children.","method":"Carrying textual knowledge into refuge and continuing its transmission.","outcome":"A theological text and teacher lineage are central to the surviving account.","caveat":"This is a later religious biography. Conflicting attack dates and names are not harmonised into a precise event.","collaborators":"Sudarshana Suri, his children and the scholarly community.","sources":[{"id":"desika","locator":"Srirangam crisis narrative"}],"location":{"latitude":10.8625,"longitude":78.68972,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/srirangam/"},"brokenTemple":"srirangam","from":1300},{"id":"kamakhya-koch","title":"The Koch rebuilding of Kamakhya","people":[{"id":"nara-narayan","role":"Royal patron"},{"id":"chilarai","role":"Royal collaborator"}],"site":"Kamakhya","state":"assam","date":"1565 AD","to":1565,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"The Koch rulers supported the reconstruction associated with the surviving temple.","method":"Royal patronage involving both Nara Narayan and Chilarai.","outcome":"A major centre of Shakta worship continued in its rebuilt form.","caveat":"Earlier damage chronology is inconsistent across summaries. A 1565 AD rebuilding cannot be explained as following a 1568 AD attack.","collaborators":"Temple priests and craftspeople; inscriptions and royal images preserve the Koch association.","sources":[{"id":"kamakhya","locator":"1565 reconstruction"},{"id":"kamakhya-temple","locator":"Koch rebuilding"}],"location":{"latitude":26.166426,"longitude":91.705509,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/kamakhya/"},"brokenTemple":"kamakhya","from":1565},{"id":"kashi-sixteenth","title":"Scholarship and patronage at Vishvanatha","people":[{"id":"todar-mal","role":"Financial and political patron"},{"id":"narayana-bhatta","role":"Scholarly and ritual organiser"}],"site":"Vishvanatha, Kashi","state":"uttar-pradesh","date":"c. 1585–1590 AD","to":1590,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"Heritage scholarship associates Narayana Bhatta and Todar Mal with a sixteenth-century reconstruction.","method":"Collaboration between a local scholarly network and a Mughal administrator.","outcome":"A renewed temple preceded the destruction of 1669 AD and the later Ahilyabai shrine.","caveat":"Dates and the allocation of credit vary. This building is not the present eighteenth-century temple.","collaborators":"Scholars, temple custodians and builders; the source discusses additional regional patrons.","sources":[{"id":"kashi-early","locator":"Sixteenth-century temple succession"}],"location":{"latitude":25.3108,"longitude":83.0106,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/kashi-vishwanath/"},"brokenTemple":"kashi-vishwanath","from":1585},{"id":"puri-reinstallation","title":"Renewing Jagannath worship","people":[{"id":"ramachandra-deva","role":"Royal organiser"}],"site":"Jagannath Temple, Puri","state":"odisha","date":"c. 1575 AD","to":1575,"kind":"Revival of worship","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"The king sponsored renewed images and the re-establishment of ritual service.","method":"Retrieval of the sacred substance, making wooden images and restoring offerings through temple servitors.","outcome":"The episode became central to the Khurda king’s relationship with Jagannath.","caveat":"The year follows the consulted history; exact ritual-date conversion and some chronology remain debated.","collaborators":"Bada Padmanabha Pattanaik, hereditary servitors and the custodians linked with Bisara Mohanty.","sources":[{"id":"odisha-king","locator":"p. 164: reinstallation and Mahaprasad"}],"location":{"latitude":19.80472,"longitude":85.81833,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/jagannath-puri/"},"brokenTemple":"jagannath-puri","from":1575},{"id":"bisara-rescue","title":"The remembered survival of the Brahma","people":[{"id":"bisara-mohanty","role":"Custodian in Jagannath tradition"}],"site":"Jagannath tradition: Puri and Kujang","state":"odisha","date":"1568 AD and the following years","to":1575,"kind":"Sanctuary & rescue","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"tradition","action":"Bisara is remembered for saving the sacred Brahma substance after the destruction of the wooden images.","method":"Rescue and safekeeping, followed by transfer into a renewed ritual setting.","outcome":"The tradition connects loss to the later reinstallation under Ramachandra Deva.","caveat":"The object’s sacred identity is a religious claim; an unbroken physical provenance is not demonstrated here.","collaborators":"Temple servitors, the Kujang custodial tradition and Ramachandra Deva’s agents.","sources":[{"id":"odisha-rescue","locator":"p. 33: rescue and renewal discussion"},{"id":"odisha-king","locator":"Return from Kujang"}],"location":{"latitude":19.80472,"longitude":85.81833,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/jagannath-puri/"},"brokenTemple":"jagannath-puri","from":1568},{"id":"nathdwara-sanctuary","title":"A sanctuary for Shrinathji","people":[{"id":"raj-singh","role":"Royal protector"}],"site":"Shrinathji Temple, Nathdwara","state":"rajasthan","date":"1672 AD","to":1672,"kind":"Sanctuary & rescue","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"Mewar provided a permanent home for Shrinathji after the image left Govardhan.","method":"Royal protection and a new institutional home maintained with hereditary Goswami custodians.","outcome":"Nathdwara developed as a continuing centre of worship.","caveat":"This is protection of a displaced image and community, not rebuilding the original Govardhan temple on its original site.","collaborators":"The Vallabha tradition’s Goswami custodians and their followers.","sources":[{"id":"rajsamand","locator":"Shrinathji Temple entry"}],"location":null,"brokenTemple":null,"from":1672},{"id":"govinddev-sanctuary","title":"A lasting home for Govind Dev Ji","people":[{"id":"jai-singh-ii","role":"Royal patron of sanctuary"}],"site":"Govind Dev Ji, Jaipur","state":"rajasthan","date":"Early 18th century AD","to":1743,"kind":"Sanctuary & rescue","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"Jai Singh’s Jaipur provided a home for the Govind Dev Ji image from Vrindavan.","method":"Temple patronage and placement within the new royal city.","outcome":"The institution became a central devotional presence in Jaipur.","caveat":"The broad date avoids conflating intermediate moves, the temple’s establishment and the founding of Jaipur.","collaborators":"Hereditary Goswami custodians, temple servants and Jaipur’s builders.","sources":[{"id":"jaipur","locator":"Govind Dev Ji entry"}],"location":null,"brokenTemple":null,"from":1700},{"id":"harmandir-rebuild","title":"Rebuilding Harmandir Sahib together","people":[{"id":"jassa-singh-ahluwalia","role":"Leader and fundraiser"}],"site":"Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar","state":"punjab","date":"1764 AD onward","to":1776,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Sikh","evidence":"supported","action":"Sikh leaders and communities organised rebuilding after repeated damage.","method":"Collective resources, political recovery and community labour.","outcome":"The sacred institution was restored; later rulers supported further embellishment.","caveat":"Repeated destruction and repair cannot be reduced to a single uninterrupted building campaign.","collaborators":"The Dal Khalsa, Sikh misls, congregations and craftspeople.","sources":[{"id":"kapurthala","locator":"Jassa Singh and Darbar Sahib"},{"id":"sgpc","locator":"Eighteenth-century destruction and renewal"}],"location":{"latitude":31.62,"longitude":74.87639,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/golden-temple/"},"brokenTemple":"golden-temple","from":1764},{"id":"harmandir-renewal","title":"Marble and gilding at Amritsar","people":[{"id":"ranjit-singh","role":"Patron of renewal"}],"site":"Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar","state":"punjab","date":"Early 19th century AD","to":1839,"kind":"Conservation","tradition":"Sikh","evidence":"supported","action":"Ranjit Singh supported the temple’s marble and gilded architectural treatment.","method":"Royal patronage and highly specialised craft work.","outcome":"The renewed appearance became a defining part of the shrine’s identity.","caveat":"This followed the eighteenth-century rebuilding; he was not its sole or first restorer.","collaborators":"Temple management, metalworkers, stoneworkers and other donors.","sources":[{"id":"sgpc","locator":"Development and beautification under Sikh rule"}],"location":{"latitude":31.62,"longitude":74.87639,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/golden-temple/"},"brokenTemple":"golden-temple","from":1801},{"id":"kashi-gilding","title":"A gift across traditions","people":[{"id":"ranjit-singh","role":"Donor for temple gilding"}],"site":"Kashi Vishwanath","state":"uttar-pradesh","date":"1839 AD","to":1839,"kind":"Conservation","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"The official Kashi account credits Ranjit Singh’s donation for gilding two domes.","method":"A royal gift to an existing restored shrine.","outcome":"The gilded treatment became part of the temple’s later architectural history.","caveat":"This was embellishment of Ahilyabai’s temple, not a separate rebuilding after a new destruction.","collaborators":"Temple custodians and craftspeople executing the gilding.","sources":[{"id":"kashi","locator":"Ranjit Singh and two domes"}],"location":{"latitude":25.3108,"longitude":83.0106,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/kashi-vishwanath/"},"brokenTemple":"kashi-vishwanath","from":1839},{"id":"shantidas-restitution","title":"Seeking restitution through an imperial order","people":[{"id":"shantidas-jhaveri","role":"Petitioner and property claimant"}],"site":"Chintamani Parshvanath, Saraspur","state":"gujarat","date":"3 July 1648 AD","to":1648,"kind":"Legal protection","tradition":"Jain","evidence":"supported","action":"Shantidas sought the return of temple property after its conversion under Aurangzeb’s governorship.","method":"Petition and imperial legal intervention under Shah Jahan.","outcome":"A firman ordered restitution; the historical account does not establish a lasting return to temple worship.","caveat":"The scan is identified, but its Persian text has not been independently translated. Restitution is not equivalent to successful religious restoration.","collaborators":"Shah Jahan’s court and officials responsible for implementing the order.","sources":[{"id":"shantidas-firman","locator":"Document identification and date"},{"id":"shantidas-wiki","locator":"Temple dispute and outcome"}],"location":{"latitude":23.0297,"longitude":72.6122,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/chintamani-saraspur/"},"brokenTemple":"chintamani-saraspur","from":1648},{"id":"palitana-pethada","title":"Renewal at Shatrunjaya: Pethada","people":[{"id":"pethada","role":"Restoration patron"}],"site":"Shatrunjaya / Palitana","state":"gujarat","date":"1278 AD","to":1278,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Jain","evidence":"supported","action":"The published survey records a restoration associated with Pethada.","method":"Patronage within a continuing Jain pilgrimage institution.","outcome":"One phase in a long history of repair and renewal.","caveat":"The source distinguishes literary records from inscriptions; no total of rebuilt temples is inferred.","collaborators":"The Jain community, religious custodians and builders.","sources":[{"id":"palitana-book","locator":"Introduction: Pethadarasa"}],"location":{"latitude":21.483,"longitude":71.794,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/palitana/"},"brokenTemple":"palitana","from":1278},{"id":"palitana-samara-shah","title":"Renewal at Shatrunjaya: Samara Shah","people":[{"id":"samara-shah","role":"Restoration patron"}],"site":"Shatrunjaya / Palitana","state":"gujarat","date":"1315 AD","to":1315,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Jain","evidence":"supported","action":"The published survey records a restoration associated with Samara Shah.","method":"Patronage within a continuing Jain pilgrimage institution.","outcome":"One phase in a long history of repair and renewal.","caveat":"The source distinguishes literary records from inscriptions; no total of rebuilt temples is inferred.","collaborators":"The Jain community, religious custodians and builders.","sources":[{"id":"palitana-book","locator":"Introduction: Samararasa"}],"location":{"latitude":21.483,"longitude":71.794,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/palitana/"},"brokenTemple":"palitana","from":1315},{"id":"palitana-karmashah","title":"Renewal at Shatrunjaya: Karmashah","people":[{"id":"karmashah","role":"Restoration patron"}],"site":"Shatrunjaya / Palitana","state":"gujarat","date":"1531 AD","to":1531,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Jain","evidence":"supported","action":"The published survey records a restoration associated with Karmashah.","method":"Patronage within a continuing Jain pilgrimage institution.","outcome":"One phase in a long history of repair and renewal.","caveat":"The source distinguishes literary records from inscriptions; no total of rebuilt temples is inferred.","collaborators":"The Jain community, religious custodians and builders.","sources":[{"id":"palitana-book","locator":"Introduction: contemporary restoration inscriptions"}],"location":{"latitude":21.483,"longitude":71.794,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/palitana/"},"brokenTemple":"palitana","from":1531},{"id":"palitana-tejpal-soni","title":"Renewal at Shatrunjaya: Tejpal Soni","people":[{"id":"tejpal-soni","role":"Restoration patron"}],"site":"Shatrunjaya / Palitana","state":"gujarat","date":"1594 AD","to":1594,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Jain","evidence":"supported","action":"The published survey records a restoration associated with Tejpal Soni.","method":"Patronage within a continuing Jain pilgrimage institution.","outcome":"One phase in a long history of repair and renewal.","caveat":"The source distinguishes literary records from inscriptions; no total of rebuilt temples is inferred.","collaborators":"The Jain community, religious custodians and builders.","sources":[{"id":"palitana-book","locator":"Introduction: contemporary restoration inscriptions"}],"location":{"latitude":21.483,"longitude":71.794,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/palitana/"},"brokenTemple":"palitana","from":1594},{"id":"kanhada-memory","title":"The contested Somnath rescue narrative","people":[{"id":"kanhadadeva","role":"Defender in a later literary account"}],"site":"Jalore / Somnath narrative","state":"rajasthan","date":"Events placed in 1299 AD; poem of 1455 AD","to":1299,"kind":"Sanctuary & rescue","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"disputed","action":"The Kanhadade Prabandha tells of recovering sacred objects from a returning army.","method":"The poem describes armed intervention; other chronicles and historians offer conflicting accounts.","outcome":"An enduring literary memory, not a demonstrated surviving recovered object.","caveat":"The poem was written roughly a century and a half later. The participation of Jalore’s forces and the rescue’s outcome remain contested.","collaborators":"The poem names Jaita Devada; other accounts bring in rebel soldiers.","sources":[{"id":"kanhada","locator":"1299 expedition; comparison of chronicles"}],"location":null,"brokenTemple":null,"from":1299},{"id":"bodhgaya-conservation","title":"Excavating and remaking Mahabodhi","people":[{"id":"alexander-cunningham","role":"Survey and excavation leadership"},{"id":"joseph-beglar","role":"Pre-restoration photographic documentation"}],"site":"Mahabodhi Temple, Bodhgaya","state":"bihar","date":"1870s–1880s AD","to":1889,"kind":"Conservation","tradition":"Buddhist","evidence":"documented","action":"Excavation and restoration changed the temple and its precinct; photographs preserve evidence of its earlier state.","method":"Archaeological excavation, recording and structural reconstruction.","outcome":"The temple was conserved but substantially remodelled. Modern research uses the records to reassess those changes.","caveat":"Colonial restoration choices are debated. Recording a contribution does not imply that every alteration preserved historical authenticity.","collaborators":"ASI survey staff, photographers, local workers and contemporary restoration teams.","sources":[{"id":"bodhgaya-research","locator":"Excavation paragraph and Beglar photograph caption"},{"id":"mahabodhi","locator":"Conservation and authenticity"}],"location":{"latitude":24.696,"longitude":84.9913,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/mahabodhi/"},"brokenTemple":"mahabodhi","from":1870},{"id":"bodhgaya-revival","title":"A movement for Buddhist access and custody","people":[{"id":"anagarika-dharmapala","role":"Founder and campaign organiser"}],"site":"Mahabodhi Temple, Bodhgaya","state":"bihar","date":"1891–1933 AD","to":1933,"kind":"Revival of worship","tradition":"Buddhist","evidence":"supported","action":"Dharmapala campaigned for renewed Buddhist worship and a role in the custody of the temple.","method":"International organisation, publishing, advocacy and legal campaigning through the Maha Bodhi movement.","outcome":"The campaign outlived him and contributed to later changes in management.","caveat":"He did not carry out the earlier nineteenth-century structural restoration, and the campaign’s goals were not all achieved during his life.","collaborators":"Maha Bodhi Society members, Buddhist donors and supporters in Sri Lanka, India and beyond.","sources":[{"id":"mahabodhi-society","locator":"Foundation and custody campaign"},{"id":"mahabodhi","locator":"Temple management history"}],"location":{"latitude":24.696,"longitude":84.9913,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/mahabodhi/"},"brokenTemple":"mahabodhi","from":1891},{"id":"saptakoteshwar-rebuild","title":"Rebuilding Saptakoteshwar at Narve","people":[{"id":"shivaji","role":"Commissioning patron"}],"site":"Saptakoteshwar, Narve","state":"goa","date":"1668 AD","to":1668,"kind":"Rebuilding","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"supported","action":"Shivaji commissioned rebuilding at the shrine’s relocated home in Narve.","method":"Royal support for construction following earlier displacement.","outcome":"The temple continued at Narve.","caveat":"The official account cites an entrance inscription; it has not been independently re-edited here. The earlier site and later shrine are distinct.","collaborators":"Local custodians and builders; earlier protectors had relocated the sacred image.","sources":[{"id":"goa","locator":"Rebuilding and inscription paragraph"}],"location":{"latitude":15.554,"longitude":73.937,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/saptakoteshwar/"},"brokenTemple":"saptakoteshwar","from":1668},{"id":"bateshwar-conservation","title":"Putting Bateshwar’s stones back together","people":[{"id":"k-k-muhammed","role":"ASI conservation leadership"}],"site":"Bateshwar temple group, Morena","state":"madhya-pradesh","date":"2005–2010 AD","to":2010,"kind":"Conservation","tradition":"Hindu","evidence":"documented","action":"An ASI team reassembled collapsed shrines from scattered architectural fragments.","method":"Surveying, matching stones, skilled reconstruction and negotiations for access, as described by Muhammed.","outcome":"A substantial part of the ruined group was restored; later work continued beyond his tenure.","caveat":"A possible earthquake is a hypothesis for the collapse. The account does not establish a historical destroyer; negotiation details are his recollection.","collaborators":"ASI engineers, conservators, stoneworkers and local participants. Muhammed describes negotiating with Nirbhay Gujjar.","sources":[{"id":"muhammed","locator":"Restoration interview and access negotiations"}],"location":{"latitude":26.427056,"longitude":78.196833,"precision":"locality","source":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sites/bateshwar/"},"brokenTemple":"bateshwar","from":2005}],"sources":[{"id":"ahilya-pib","title":"Ahilyabai Holkar: life and public patronage — PIB","url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154531&ModuleId=2","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Life, Maheshwar and public works passages","limitation":"Commemorative account; inconsistent incidental dates are not used here."},{"id":"kashi","title":"Shri Kashi Vishwanath — Varanasi official portal","url":"https://kashi.gov.in/listing-details/shri-kashi-vishwanath","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"1780 rebuilding and Ranjit Singh donation paragraphs","limitation":""},{"id":"somnath-trust","title":"Somnath: temple history — Shree Somnath Trust","url":"https://somnath.org/sts23/int","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Modern reconstruction, foundation, consecration and staged completion paragraphs","limitation":""},{"id":"somnath-pib","title":"Somnath: a journey of resilience — PIB","url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2213128&lang=2&reg=48","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Ahilyabai and post-independence rebuilding sections","limitation":"Gives 12 November for Patel’s visit; the Trust gives 13 November. This edition uses November 1947 AD."},{"id":"somnath-district","title":"History — Gir Somnath District","url":"https://girsomnath.nic.in/about-district/history/","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Mahipala I and Khengara restoration paragraph","limitation":""},{"id":"munshi-somnath","title":"Re-building of Somanath: Patel and K. M. Munshi — Vivekananda International Foundation","url":"https://www.vifindia.org/article/2018/january/16/re-building-of-somanath-temple-a-tribute-to-sardar-patel-and-k-m-munshi","type":"Historical essay","reviewed":"Rebuilding campaign and Munshi’s role; quoted correspondence is mediated by this essay","limitation":""},{"id":"srirangam","title":"A brief history of Srirangam — Sri Vaishnava Home Page","url":"https://ramanuja.org/sri/Srirangam/BriefHistory","type":"Community history with inscription discussion","reviewed":"Displacement, Gopanna and the 1371 inscription account","limitation":"Inscription discussed in translation; no independent epigraphic transcription completed. Raid chronology differs across accounts."},{"id":"desika","title":"Vedanta Desika — Sri Vaishnava Home Page","url":"https://ramanuja.org/sri/Web/VedantaDesika","type":"Religious biography","reviewed":"Srirangam crisis and manuscript preservation tradition","limitation":"A devotional account, not contemporary independent testimony."},{"id":"kamakhya","title":"Kamakhya Temple — Kamrup Metropolitan District","url":"https://kamrupmetro.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/218","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"1565 reconstruction and Naranarayana inscription passage","limitation":"Conflates some royal titles and damage chronology; attribution of the earlier destruction is not settled by this page."},{"id":"kamakhya-temple","title":"History — Maa Kamakhya Devalaya","url":"https://maakamakhya.org/history","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Koch rebuilding and uncertainty about earlier structure","limitation":""},{"id":"kashi-early","title":"Kashi Vishvanatha: succession, sustenance and sustainability","url":"https://culturalheritageofvaranasi.com/about_varanasi/kashi-vishvanatha-the-patron-deity-of-city-succession-sustenance-and-sustainability/","type":"Scholarly heritage essay","reviewed":"Narayana Bhatta and Todar Mal reconstruction passage and bibliography","limitation":"Earlier printed references cited by the essay have not all been inspected in full."},{"id":"odisha-king","title":"Ramachandra Deva and Jagannath — Odisha Review, July 2015, pp. 161–165","url":"https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2015/July/engpdf/161-165.pdf","type":"Historical essay in state journal","reviewed":"Restoration and reinstallation passage, especially p. 164","limitation":"Uses the temple chronicle; precise conversion of the ritual date is debated."},{"id":"odisha-rescue","title":"Jagannath renewal traditions — Odisha Review, May–June 2015","url":"https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2015/May-June/engpdf/may-june-or-2015.pdf","type":"Historical essay in state journal","reviewed":"Bisara Mohanty and Brahma preservation discussion, p. 33","limitation":"Ritual rescue is presented as tradition, not independently demonstrated material provenance."},{"id":"rajsamand","title":"Rajsamand and Nathdwara — Rajasthan Tourism","url":"https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/rajsamand.html","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Shrinathji relocation and Rajsamand lake entries","limitation":""},{"id":"jaipur","title":"Jaipur: Govind Dev Ji — Rajasthan Tourism","url":"https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jaipur.html","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Govind Dev Ji temple and Jai Singh’s Jaipur entries","limitation":""},{"id":"sgpc","title":"Sri Harmandir Sahib — Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee","url":"https://sgpc.net/sri-harmandir-sahib-2/","type":"Custodian history","reviewed":"Eighteenth-century restoration and Ranjit Singh patronage sections","limitation":"Multiple attacks and restorations; this is not a single uninterrupted construction campaign."},{"id":"kapurthala","title":"History — Kapurthala District","url":"https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Jassa Singh and collective support for rebuilding Darbar Sahib","limitation":""},{"id":"palitana-book","title":"Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan in Sculptures and Architecture — Kanchansagarsuri, 1982","url":"https://jainqq.org/booktext/Shatrunjay_Giriraj_Darshan_in_Sculptures_and_Architecture_Romanized/006753","type":"Epigraphic and architectural survey","reviewed":"English introductory restoration chronology and its named textual/inscriptional evidence","limitation":"OCR consulted; Sanskrit inscriptions have not been independently re-edited."},{"id":"shantidas-wiki","title":"Shantidas Jhaveri — reference trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantidas_Jhaveri","type":"Reference synthesis","reviewed":"Chintamani dispute, restitution and bibliography","limitation":"Underlying IGNCA scan download timed out; no claim of a complete original-document review."},{"id":"shantidas-firman","title":"Shah Jahan’s firman to Shantidas Jhaveri, 3 July 1648 — reproduced document","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Firman_from_Shah_Jahan_to_Shantidas_Jhaveri_regarding_Chintamani_Parshwanath_Jain_Temple_3_July_1648.jpg","type":"Digitized primary document","reviewed":"Document image metadata and identification","limitation":"Persian text not independently translated. Outcome follows the referenced historical accounts, not a new translation."},{"id":"kanhada","title":"Kanhadadeva — historical accounts and reference trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanhadadeva","type":"Reference synthesis","reviewed":"1299 campaign, Kanhadade Prabandha and conflicting chronicles","limitation":"The 1455 poem is later than the alleged events. Historians disagree about the rescue narrative."},{"id":"mahabodhi","title":"Mahabodhi Temple Complex — UNESCO World Heritage Centre","url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056/","type":"Heritage assessment","reviewed":"Restoration, authenticity and management sections","limitation":""},{"id":"bodhgaya-research","title":"Excavations at Bodhgaya — Harvard Shelby White and Leon Levy Program","url":"https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/excavations-bodhgaya-site-buddha%E2%80%99s-enlightenment-mahabodhi-temple-taradih-monastery-and","type":"Archaeological research project","reviewed":"1878 excavation, restoration remodelling and Beglar photograph caption","limitation":"Critical account: restoration changed the surviving fabric and precinct."},{"id":"mahabodhi-society","title":"Maha Bodhi Society — history and reference trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society","type":"Reference synthesis","reviewed":"1891 foundation, 1892 Calcutta office and custody campaign","limitation":"Present-day legal arrangements are not inferred from the historical narrative."},{"id":"goa","title":"Shri Saptakoteshwar Temple — Goa Tourism","url":"https://goa-tourism.com/temple/shri-saptakoteshwar-temple/","type":"Institutional history","reviewed":"Earlier displacement, Narve and Shivaji’s 1668 rebuilding inscription","limitation":""},{"id":"muhammed","title":"K. K. Muhammed on restoring Bateshwar — interview by Lakshmi Sharath","url":"https://lakshmisharath.com/bateshwar-group-temples-archaeologist-kkmuhammed-interview/","type":"Published participant interview","reviewed":"First-person restoration, access negotiations and ASI team account","limitation":"Negotiation details are the participant’s recollection; the cause of the original collapse remains uncertain."},{"id":"locations","title":"Broken Temples: site-level location and source records","url":"https://16august1947.com/brokentemples/sources/","type":"Companion research dataset","reviewed":"Coordinates of shared sites copied from local edition","limitation":"Locality-level markers, not parcel boundaries or reconstructed travel routes."},{"id":"bio-ahilyabai-holkar","title":"Ahilyabai Holkar — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=2278442","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-sardar-patel","title":"Vallabhbhai Patel — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=59659","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-k-m-munshi","title":"Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=2658741","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-digvijaysinhji","title":"Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=17811510","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-kumara-kampana","title":"Kumara Kampana — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=37594006","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-nara-narayan","title":"Nara Narayan — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=14881471","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-chilarai","title":"Chilarai — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=4331128","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-mahipala","title":"Mahipala I (Chudasama dynasty) — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=55698360","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-todar-mal","title":"Todar Mal — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=1895915","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-narayana-bhatta","title":"Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=76111857","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-ramachandra-deva","title":"Ramachandra Deva I — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=67793791","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-raj-singh","title":"Raj Singh I — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=39972756","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-jassa-singh-ahluwalia","title":"Jassa Singh Ahluwalia — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=5341568","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-ranjit-singh","title":"Ranjit Singh — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=519237","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-jai-singh-ii","title":"Sawai Jai Singh — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=1418751","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-pillai-lokacharya","title":"Pillai Lokacharya — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=2690953","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-vedanta-desika","title":"Vedanta Desika — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=2305916","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-bisara-mohanty","title":"Bisara Mohanty — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=67802223","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-kanhadadeva","title":"Kanhadadeva — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=3388147","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-shantidas-jhaveri","title":"Shantidas Jhaveri — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=33903321","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-anagarika-dharmapala","title":"Anagarika Dharmapala — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=585377","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-alexander-cunningham","title":"Alexander Cunningham — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=1750111","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-joseph-beglar","title":"Joseph David Beglar — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=55198752","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-shivaji","title":"Shivaji — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=149337","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."},{"id":"bio-k-k-muhammed","title":"K. K. Muhammed — biographical overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=44877825","type":"Biographical reference","reviewed":"Opening biographical overview via MediaWiki API; used for broad life context","limitation":"Biography context is separate from the evidence assessment for each contribution."}],"leads":[{"name":"Hiravijaya Suri","states":["gujarat"],"issue":"Court negotiations and temple protections need a closer reading of the surviving firmans and scholarly editions.","urls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiravijaya"]},{"name":"Raja Man Singh I","states":["rajasthan","uttar-pradesh"],"issue":"Separate construction of a new Govind Dev temple from claims about restoring an earlier damaged shrine.","urls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Dev_Temple,_Vrindavan"]},{"name":"Rani Bhabani","states":["west-bengal","uttar-pradesh"],"issue":"Distinguish wide temple patronage from an individually documented preservation-after-loss episode.","urls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Bhabani"]},{"name":"Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu","states":["andhra-pradesh"],"issue":"Temple claims need site-level sources; assess evidence of damage during development at Amaravati as well as patronage.","urls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasireddy_Venkatadri_Nayudu"]},{"name":"Keladi rulers and custodians","states":["karnataka"],"issue":"Locate inscriptions or institutional records for a specific rescue or restoration instead of relying on general praise.","urls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keladi_Nayakas"]},{"name":"Kushok Bakula Rinpoche","states":["ladakh"],"issue":"Separate preservation at Indian sites from his better-documented religious revival work abroad.","urls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Kushok_Bakula_Rinpoche"]},{"name":"Hari Singh Nalwa","states":["punjab"],"issue":"Original construction and restoration need to be distinguished; much of his work falls in present-day Pakistan.","urls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa"]}]}