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Udayagiri Caves

108 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 01. ↑The lion capital is significant in its design, the octagonal base the lion sits on, and the animals carved on the eight sides: a bull, an elephant, a gaur, a tiger with wings, two winged creatures, a horse and a double-humped camel. This sat on a pillar.

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  2. 02. ↑The term Visnupadagiri occurs in the _Mahabharata_, and has been variously interpreted to mean sites in Kashmir, Anga or other regions.\14\

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  3. 03. ↑The tropic of cancer has been shifting south on a cycle of about 41,000 years. See Circle of latitude#Movement of the Tropical and Polar circles.

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  4. 04. ↑Willis states that "this means there was a living oral tradition in central India for six centuries that credited the temple to Chandragupta".\22\

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  5. 05. ↑The Udayagiri Caves Hindu temples are mentioned in inscriptions outside its near vicinity, states Willis. Some mention the temples for context, some record donations to the temples at Udayagiri. One of the mentioned Bhailasvami temple in 10th to 12th-century inscriptions is now missing.\22\

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  6. 06. ↑The original theory that there may be Buddhist remains below the Udayagiri temples remains active, state Dass and Willis, and the search for "Buddhist remains is still going on".\33\ One unsolved puzzle is that some of the niches at smaller Udayagiri Caves seem to be cutting through Sankha Lipi inscriptions and not produced on virgin rock. These suggest that the wall had pre-existing huge, ostentatious Sankha Lipi inscription carvings. The caves were produced by cutting through these undeciphered inscriptions and into the face of the massive rock. Scholars wonder whether these inscriptions were related to Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism or some other tradition, and whether they relate to inter-religious relations in centuries before the 4th century CE.\23\

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  7. 07. ↑Cunningham's report in 1880 numbered it Cave 3.\15\

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  8. 08. ↑Mitra compares the entire composition to a number of Hindu texts, including the Vishvarupa verses in Chapter 11 of the _Bhagavada Gita_.\48\

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  9. 09. ↑Some Indian iconography shows him as horse faced, but not this cave. Here the iconography for Tumburu and Narada in this panel is more consistent with the guidelines in _Vaikhanasayama_, a Hindu text.\45\

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  10. 10. ↑The surviving images of Durga within the Udayagiri Caves complex are found in five places: four times in Cave 6 alone and in Cave 17. The best surviving image of her is in the front of Cave 6. These are 10 armed Durgas, with iconography found elsewhere. The surviving images have different style, possibly because different guild traditions worked on these caves at the same time.\53\

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  11. 11. ↑Ganesha appears in seven places within the Udayagiri Caves complex.\54\

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  12. 12. ↑Harper makes novel interpretations of the goddesses-related iconography in this and other Udayagiri caves, then links it to suggests early roots of tantra in ancient India.\59\ Willis disagrees and finds Harper's re-interpretation of Udayagiri Shaktism-related temples and iconography as tautological.\58\

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  13. 13. ↑There are many images of Vishnu in Udayagiri. Of these nine are standing images. They are found in Caves 6, 9, 10, 11 and 12.\65\

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  14. 14. ↑୯ is 9 in modern Odia.

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  15. 15. ↑The relationship and equivalence of Surya, Vishnu and others was a theme of these cave temples.\79\

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  16. 01. 1 2Upinder Singh (2008). _A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century_. Pearson. p.533\. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.

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  17. 02. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Meera Dass; Michael Willis (2002). "The lion capital and the antiquity of sun worship in central India". _South Asian Studies_. **18**: 25–45\. doi: 10.1080/02666030.2002.9628605. S2CID 191353414.

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  18. 03. 1 2Fred Kleiner (2012), Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, Cengage, ISBN 978-0495915423, page 434

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  19. 04. 1 2Margaret Prosser Allen (1992), Ornament in Indian Architecture, University of Delaware Press, ISBN 978-0874133998, pages 128-129

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  20. 05. 1 2James C. Harle (1974). _Gupta sculpture: Indian sculpture of the fourth to the sixth centuries A.D._. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 7–9.

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  21. 06. 1 2 3 4 5Cunningham 1880, pp.46–53.

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  22. 07. ↑The inscriptions are dealt with in J. F. Fleet, _Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors_, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888), hereinafter CII 3 (1888); for another version and interpretation: D. R. Bhandarkar et al, _Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings_, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (revised) (New Delhi, 1981).

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  23. 08. 1 2Sara L. Schastok (1985). _The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India_. BRILL Academic. pp.36–37\. ISBN 90-04-06941-0.

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  24. 09. ↑British Library Online

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  25. 10. ↑The Past Before Us, Romila Thapar p.361

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  26. 11. ↑Sita Pieris; Ellen Raven (2010). _ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three – South Asia_. BRILL Academic. pp.230–231\. ISBN 978-90-04-19148-8.

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  27. 12. ↑Balasubramaniam, R. (2008). "Iron Pillar at Delhi". In Helaine Selin (ed.). _Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures_. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1131–1136\. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0\_8658. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.

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  28. 13. ↑M. Willis, ‘Inscriptions from Udayagiri: Locating Domains of Devotion, Patronage and Power in the Eleventh Century’, _South Asian Studies_ 17 (2001): 41-53.

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  29. 14. ↑J. L. Brockington (1998). _The Sanskrit Epics_. BRILL Academic. pp.202–203\. ISBN 90-04-10260-4.

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  30. 15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Cunningham 1880, pp.46–47.

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  31. 16. ↑A. Ghosh, _An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology_, 2 vols. New Delhi, 1989: s.v. Besnagar.

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  32. 17. ↑Willis 2009, pp.15–27, 248.

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  33. 18. ↑Willis 2009, pp.1–3, 54, 248.

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  34. 19. ↑JF Fleet (1888), Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and Their Successors, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol III, pages 25-34

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  35. 20. ↑Richard Salomon (1998). _Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages_. Oxford University Press. pp.174–175\. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.

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  36. 21. ↑BECKER, CATHERINE (2010). "NOT YOUR AVERAGE BOAR: THE COLOSSAL VARĀHA AT ERĀṆ, AN ICONOGRAPHIC INNOVATION". _Artibus Asiae_. **70** (1): 127. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 20801634.

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  37. 22. 1 2 3 4 5 6Michael Willis (2001), "Inscriptions from Udayagiri: locating domains of devotion, patronage and power in the eleventh century", South Asian Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, pages 41-53

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  38. 23. 1 2 3 4Julia Shaw (2013). _Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD_. Routledge. pp.131–132\. ISBN 978-1-61132-344-3.

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  39. 24. ↑M.I. Dass and R. Balasubramanium (2004), Estimation of the original erection site of the Delhi Iron Pillar at Udayagiri, Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 39, Issue 1, pages 51-54, context: 51-74

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  40. 25. ↑R. Balasubramaniam, ‘Identity of Chandra and Vishnupadagiri of the Delhi Iron Pillar Inscription: Numismatic, Archaeological and Literary Evidence’, _Bulletin of Metals Museum_ 32 (2000): 42-64; Balasubramaniam and Meera I. Dass, ‘On the Astronomical Significance of the Delhi Iron Pillar’, _Current Science_ 86 (2004): 1135-42.

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  41. 26. ↑R Balasubramaniam, MI Dass and EM Raven (2004), _The Original Image atop the Delhi Iron Pillar_, Indian Journal of History of Science, Vol. 39, Issue 2, pages 177-203

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  42. 27. ↑HG Raverty (1970, Translator), _Tabakat-i-Nasari: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, including Hindustan from AH 194 (810 AD) to AH 658 (1260 AD) by Maulana Minhaj-ud-din Abu-uma-I-Usman_, Vol. 1, Oriental, pages 620-623

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  43. 28. ↑Cunningham 1880, pp.55–56.

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  44. 29. ↑Meera Dass; Michael Willis (2002). "The lion capital and the antiquity of sun worship in central India". _South Asian Studies_. **18**: 31–32 with footnote 31 on page 43.

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  45. 30. ↑HH Lake (1910), _Besnagar_, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 23, pages 135-145

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  46. 31. 1 2 3 4 5Julia Shaw (2013). _Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD_. Routledge. pp.21–22\. ISBN 978-1-61132-344-3.

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  47. 32. ↑DR Bhandarkar (1915), _Excavations at Besnagar_, Annual Report 1913-1914, Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India Press, pages 186-225 with plates; also the ASI Western Circle Report 1915, _Excavations_, pages 59-71 with plates

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  48. 33. ↑Meera Dass; Michael Willis (2002). "The lion capital and the antiquity of sun worship in central India". _South Asian Studies_. **18**: 31–32 with footnote 32 on page 43.

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  49. 34. ↑Michael Willis (2001), "Inscriptions from Udayagiri: locating domains of devotion, patronage and power in the eleventh century", South Asian Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, pages 41-53 with note 4 on page 50

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  50. 35. ↑D. R. Patil, _The Monuments of the Udayagiri Hill_ (Gwalior, 1948).

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  51. 36. 1 2Meera Dass 2001, pp.80–81.

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  52. 37. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.81–84.

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  53. 38. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.7–8, 80–81.

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  54. 39. ↑Willis 2009, pp.29, 251–252.

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  55. 40. ↑Willis 2009, pp.12–13.

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  56. 41. ↑Meera Dass 2001, p.12.

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  57. 42. ↑J. C. Harle, _Gupta Sculpture: Indian Sculpture of the Fourth to the Sixth Centuries A.D._ (Oxford \England\: Clarendon Press, 1974).

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  58. 43. 1 2 3 4 5Sara L. Schastok (1985). _The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India_. BRILL Academic. pp.36–41, 65–67\. ISBN 90-04-06941-0.

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  59. 44. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.26, 251.

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  60. 45. 1 2 3 4 5 6Debala Mitra, ’Varāha Cave at Udayagiri – An Iconographic Study’, _Journal of the Asiatic Society_ 5 (1963): 99-103; J. C. Harle, _Gupta Sculpture_ (Oxford, 1974): figures 8-17.

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  61. 46. ↑Willis 2009. p. 79.

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  62. 47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7H. von Stietencron (1986). Th. P. van Baaren; A Schimmel; etal. (eds.). _Approaches to Iconology_. Brill Academic. pp.16–22 with footnotes. ISBN 90-04-07772-3.

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  63. 48. ↑Debala Mitra (1963), ’Varāha Cave at Udayagiri – An Iconographic Study’, _Journal of the Asiatic Society_, Vol. 5, page 103

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  64. 49. ↑Roshen Dalal (2010). _Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide_. Penguin Books. p.159\. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.

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  65. 50. ↑George M. Williams (2008). _Handbook of Hindu Mythology_. Oxford University Press. pp.154–155, 223–224\. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.

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  66. 51. 1 2Joanna Gottfried Williams (1982). _The Art of Gupta India: Empire and Province_. Princeton University Press. pp.42–46\. ISBN 978-0-691-10126-2.

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  67. 52. ↑Phyllis Granoff, ‘Mahiṣāsuramardinī: An Analysis of the Myths’, _East and West_ 29 (1979): 139-51.

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  68. 53. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.86–88.

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  69. 54. 1 2Meera Dass 2001, pp.84–85.

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  70. 55. ↑Willis, _The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual_, p. 142.

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  71. 56. ↑Cunningham, Bhilsa Topes (1854): 150; Thomas, Essays (1858) 1: 246; Cunningham, ASIR 10 (1874-77): 50; Fleet, CII 3 (1888): number 6; Bhandarkar, EI 19-23 (1927-36): appendix, number 1541; Bhandarkar, Chhabra and Gai, CII 3 (1981): number 7; Goyal (1993): number 10. The most recent reading and translation is in Willis, _The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual_ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009): 57 ISBN 978-0-521-51874-1.

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  72. 57. ↑Cunningham, ASIR 10 (1874-77): 50, plate xix, number 3; GAR (VS 1988/AD 1931-32): number 5; Dvivedī (VS 2004): number 714.

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  73. 58. 1 2Willis 2009, p.315 note 43.

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  74. 59. ↑Katherine Harper (2002), "The Warring Śaktis: A Paradigm for Gupta Conquests" in The Roots of Tantra, ISBN 978-0-7914-5305-6, pages 115-131

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  75. 60. ↑Richard Salomon, ‘New Sankalipi (Shell Character) Inscriptions’, _Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik_ 11-12 (1986): 109-52. Claims regarding decipherment must be discounted, see Salomon, ‘A Recent Claim to Decipherment of the Shell Script’, _JAOS_ 107 (1987): 313-15; Salomon, _Indian Epigraphy_ (Oxford, 1998): 70

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  76. 61. 1 2 3 4 5Cunningham 1880, pp.51–52.

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  77. 62. ↑Willis 2009, pp.4–5, 39–41.

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  78. 63. ↑Willis 2009, pp.4–5, 39–41, 200.

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  79. 64. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.280–282.

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  80. 65. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.88.

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  81. 66. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.32–34.

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  82. 67. ↑Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). _Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History \3 volumes\_. ABC-CLIO. p.271\. ISBN 978-1-61069-566-4.

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  83. 68. ↑Willis 2009, p.35.

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  84. 69. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.216, 283.

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  85. 70. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.80, 286.

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  86. 71. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.288–290.

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  87. 72. ↑Meera Dass 2001, pp.85–86, 291–293.

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  88. 73. 1 2Meera Dass 2001, pp.85–86.

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  89. 74. 1 2Cunningham 1880, pp.52–53.

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  90. 75. 1 2Cunningham 1880, pp.53–54.

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  91. 76. ↑Lisa Owen (2012). _Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora_. BRILL Academic. pp.62 with footnote 53. ISBN 978-90-04-20630-4.

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  92. 77. ↑Meera Dass 2001, p.85.

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  93. 78. 1 2Willis 2009, pp.2–3.

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  94. 79. ↑R. Balasubramaniam (2005). _Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar_. Foundation. pp.17–26\. ISBN 978-81-7596-278-1.

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  95. 80. ↑Patrick Olivelle (2006). _Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE_. Oxford University Press. pp.163–164\. ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1.

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  96. 81. ↑James C. Harle (1974). _Gupta sculpture: Indian sculpture of the fourth to the sixth centuries A.D._. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 10–11 with Plates 12–15.

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  97. 82. ↑Debala Mitra (1963), _Varāha Cave at Udayagiri – An Iconographic Study_, Journal of the Asiatic Society, Vol. 5, pages 99-103

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  98. 83. ↑H. von Stietencron (1986). Th. P. van Baaren; A Schimmel; etal. (eds.). _Approaches to Iconology_. Brill Academic. pp.16–17\. ISBN 90-04-07772-3.

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  99. 84. ↑Julia Shaw (2013). _Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD_. Routledge. pp.56–57\. ISBN 978-1-61132-344-3.

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  100. 85. ↑Francis D. K. Ching; Mark M. Jarzombek; Vikramaditya Prakash (2010). _A Global History of Architecture_. John Wiley & Sons. p.226\. ISBN 978-1-118-00739-6.

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  101. 86. ↑James C. Harle (1994). _The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent_. Yale University Press. pp. 92–93\. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.

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  102. 87. ↑James C. Harle (1994). _The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent_. Yale University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.

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  103. 88. ↑George Michell (1977). _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_. University of Chicago Press. pp.94–95\. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1.

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  104. - Cunningham, Alexander (1880), _Report of Tours Bundelkhand and Malwa 1874-1875 and 1876-1877, Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 10_, ASI, Government of India, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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  105. - Meera Dass (2001), _Udayagiri: A Sacred Hill, Art, Architecture and Landscape_, De Montfort University

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  106. - Asher, Frederick M. (1983). B.L. Smith (ed.). "Historical and Political Allegory in Gupta Art". _Essays on Gupta Culture_. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: 53–66.

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  107. - Willis, Michael (2004). _The Archaeology and Politics of Time_. Groningen: Egbert Forsten. pp.33–58\. ISBN 90-6980-148-5.`{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored ( help)

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  108. - Willis, Michael (2009). _The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51874-1.

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