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Sayyid Dynasty

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1. 1. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.148. ISBN0226742210.

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2. 2. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.39. ISBN0226742210.

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3. 3. ↑"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 14 November 2010.

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4. 4. Jump up to: 1Mahajan 2007

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5. 5. ↑Bhadreswar, Sookoohy M. _Oldest Islamic Monuments in India_. Brill. ISBN978-9004083417.

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6. 6. ↑"The Islamic Frontier in the East: Expansion into South Asia". _Journal of South Asian Studies_. **4** (1): 91–109.

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7. 7. ↑Pirbha, M. Reza. _Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context_. Brill. ISBN978-9004177581.

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8. 8. ↑Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). _Historical Dictionary of Medieval India_. Scarecrow Press. p.103. ISBN9780810855038.

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9. 9. Jump up to: 1Singh, Surinder (2019). _The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500_. Routledge. pp.357, 368. ISBN978-1-000-76068-2. In spite of this flaw, the Shaikh employed his spiritual power to protect Daulat from the wrath of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughluq. He also interceded with the spirit of Daulat's mentor who had been offended for some reason. He went on to establish the Syed identity of Daulat's adopted son Sulaiman, who was the father of Khizr Khan, the founder of the Syed dynasty.

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10. 10. ↑"Sayyid dynasty | Mughal Empire, Delhi Sultanate, Muslim Rule | Britannica". _www.britannica.com_. Retrieved 8 October 2025. This family claimed to be sayyids, or descendants of the Prophet Muhammad

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11. 11. Jump up to: 1_The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig_. S. Chand. 1958. The claim of Khizr Khān, who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids, to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious, and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl-ud-dīn of Bukhārā.

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12. 12. ↑Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1953). _The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, 711-1526 A. D._ S. L. Agarwala. p.229. ISBN978-8193009352. His claim to be a descendant of Prophet Mohammad is dubious and rested on the recognition of Shaikh Jalalud-din of Bukhara. It seems, however, certain that his ancestors had come from Arabia.

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13. 13. ↑Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1951). _The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate_. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. However, he bases his conclusions on insubstantial evidence, namely, the testimony of the saint Jalal-uddin Bukhari and the noble character of Khizr Khan, which was seen as distinguishing him as a descendant of the Prophet. It is likely that the family originally came from Arabia.

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14. 14. ↑Eraly, Abraham (1 April 2015). _The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate_. Penguin UK. p.261. ISBN978-93-5118-658-8. The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation 'Sayyid', which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but his forebears were likely Arabs who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him to the post, but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.

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15. 15. ↑Porter, Yves; Degeorge, Gérard (2009). _The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India_. Flammarion. ISBN978-2-08-030110-9. Though Timur had since withdrawn his forces, the Sayyid Khizr Khān, the scion of a venerable Arab family who had settled in Multān, continued to pay him tribute.

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16. 16. ↑Eaton, Richard M. (2019). _India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765_. University of California Press. p.105. ISBN978-0520325128. The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.

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17. 17. ↑Digby, Simon (2014). "After Timur Left: North India in the Fifteenth Century". In Orsini, Francesca; Sheikh, Samira (eds.). _After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth-century North India_. Oxford University Press. pp.47–59. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002. ISBN978-0-19-945066-4. —and we find that a Khokar chieftain, Khizr Khan, who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator for tribute from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power-holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had aquired _sic_.

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18. 18. Jump up to: 1Surender Singh (2019). _The Making of Medieval Panjab Politics, Society and Culture C. 1000–c. 1500_. Routledge. pp.370–371. ISBN978-1-000-76068-2.

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19. 19. ↑John F. Richards; David Gilmartin; Munis D. Faruqui; Richard M. Eaton; Sunil Kuma. _Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards_. p.247. Mallu Khan (also known as Iqbal Khan, a former slave...

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20. 20. ↑Mahajan 2007, p.221

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21. 21. ↑Jackson 2003, p.103.

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22. 22. Jump up to: 1Kumar 2020, p.583.

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23. 23. ↑Kenneth Pletcher (2010). _The History of India_. p.138. ISBN9781615301225.

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24. 24. ↑Mahajan 2007, p.229

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25. 25. ↑Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979). _Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: Volume 2_. p.247.

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26. 26. ↑Mahajan 2007, p.237

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27. 27. ↑Nizami, K.A. (2006) 1970. _A Comprehensive History of India_. Vol.V, Part-1. People Publishing House. p.631. ISBN81-7007-158-5.

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28. 28. ↑Mahajan 2007, p.239

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29. 29. ↑Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). _Historical Dictionary of Medieval India_. Scarecrow Press. p.103. ISBN9780810855038.

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30. 30. Jump up to: 1Lal, Kishori Saran (1980). _Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526_. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp.109–110. ISBN978-81-215-0227-6. Hoshang tried his luck against Sultan of Delhi but he was beaten back by Mubarak Shah Saiyyad to whom he had to pay a handsome tribute

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31. 31. ↑Masudul Hasan, Abdul Waheed (1974). _Outline History of the Islamic World_. Ferozsons. p.59.

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32. 32. ↑"Abu'l Qasim Firdausi - "Bazur, the Magician, Raises up Darkness and a Storm", Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". _www.metmuseum.org_.

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33. 33. ↑Welch, Stuart Cary (1985). _India: art and culture, 1300-1900_. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. pp.130–131. ISBN978-0030061141.

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34. 34. ↑Prepp. "Alauddin Alam Shah (1445 - 1451 AD) - Important Ruler of Sayyid Dynasty - Medieval India History Notes". _prepp.in_. Collegedunia. Retrieved 28 June 2025.

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35. 35. ↑Mahajan 2007, p.244

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36. * Kumar, Sunil (2020). "The Delhi Sultanate as Empire". In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). _The Oxford World History of Empire_. Vol.2. Oxford University Press.

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37. * Jackson, Peter (2003). _The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History_. Cambridge University Press.

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38. * Mahajan, V. D. (2007). _History of Medieval India_. S. Chand. ISBN9788121903646.

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