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Persecution of Buddhists

257 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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An inventory, not blanket verification

These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

The sourced dossier identifies which accounts support each published claim. Original-language editions, offline books and inaccessible articles remain marked for further assessment.

  1. 1. ↑: _kälginläyü aqtïmïz; kändlär üzä čïqtïmïz; furxan ävin yïqtïmïz; burxan üzä sïčtïmïz_73

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  2. 2. ↑The land between Anuradhapura and Jaffna

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  3. 1. ↑GREENE, ERIC M. (2013). "Death in a Cave: Meditation, Deathbed Ritual, and Skeletal Imagery at Tape Shotor". _Artibus Asiae_. **73** (2): 265–294. doi:10.61342/TKXC3155. ISSN0004-3648. JSTOR24240815.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  4. 2. ↑Vanleene, Alexandra (2019). "Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)". In Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (eds.). _The Geography of Gandhāran Art Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018_. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. p.154.

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  5. 3. 1Berzin, Alexander (2001). "History of Buddhism in Afghanistan". _studybuddhism.com_. Retrieved 2023-01-02.

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  6. 4. 1Wendy Doniger (1999). _Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions_. Merriam-Webster. pp.155–157. ISBN978-0-87779-044-0.

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  7. 5. ↑"Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas". _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

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  8. 6. ↑Nakamura, Hajime (1980). _Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Bibliographical Notes_. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p.146. ISBN8120802721.

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  9. 7. 1Jha, DN (1 June 2018). "Monumental Absence The destruction of ancient Buddhist sites". Archived from the original on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 9 July 2018.

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  10. 8. ↑Smith, Vincent A. (1908). _The Early History of India_. Oxford University. p.180. ISBN9788185205212. OCLC235958116. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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  11. 9. ↑Encyclopedia of Buddhism: "Persecutions", P. 640.

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  12. 10. ↑Lahiri, Bela (1974). _Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D._ University of Calcutta. pp.34–35.

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  13. 11. ↑Lamotte, E., Dantinne, J., & Webb-Boin, S. (1988). History of Indian Buddhism: From the origins to the Śaka era. Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste.

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  14. 12. ↑Simmons, Caleb; Sarao, K. T. S. (2010). Danver, Steven L. (ed.). _Popular Controversies in World History_. ABC-CLIO. p.98. ISBN9781598840780.

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  15. 13. ↑Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, _A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayan_, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, ISBN978-81-208-0955-0, p. 223

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  16. 14. ↑B.M. Barua (March 1930). "Old Buddhist Shrines at Bodh-Gaya Inscriptions". _The Indian Historical Quarterly_. **VI** (1): 1–31. Retrieved 2023-01-02.

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  17. 15. ↑Harper, Francesca (2015-05-12). "The 1,000-year-old manuscript and the stories it tells". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2018-06-03.

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  18. 16. ↑Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, _A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayan_, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, ISBN81-208-0955-6, p. 223

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  19. 17. ↑O'Neill, Tom (January 2008). _India's Ancient Art_. Benoy K. Behl. National Geographic Magazine. The flow between faiths was such that for hundreds of years, almost all Buddhist temples, including the ones at Ajanta, were built under the rule and patronage of Hindu kings.

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  20. 18. 1Andy Rotman (Translator), Paul Harrison et al (Editors), Divine Stories - The Divyāvadāna Part 1, Wisdom Publications, Boston, ISBN0-86171-295-1, Introduction, Preview summary of book 2017-08-05 at the Wayback Machine

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  21. 19. ↑Paul Williams (2005). _Buddhism: Buddhist origins and the early history of Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia_. Routledge. pp.66 footnote 8. ISBN978-0-415-33227-9.

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  22. 20. ↑Hossain, Ashik. "Ancient Hindu temple found built on Buddhist shrine in Bangladesh's Dinajpur". _bdnews24.com_. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

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  23. 21. ↑Michael Edmund Clarke, _In the Eye of Power_ (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine

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  24. 22. ↑Asian Art. "The Kalmyk People: A Celebration of History and Culture". Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

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  25. 23. ↑"Republic of Kalmykia in Transition: Natural Resource Management After Disintegration of the Soviet Union". _lead.org_. London: Lead International. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2015.

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  26. 24. ↑Phillip K. Hitti (2002). _History of The Arabs_. Palgrave Macmillan. p.213. ISBN9781137039828.

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  27. 25. ↑Brill Publishers (2014). _Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055_. Bertold Spuler. p.207. ISBN9789004282094.

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  28. 26. ↑The History of Bukhara by Narshaki (Tras. Richard Nelson Fyre), Commentary, Pg 137

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  29. 27. ↑Lars Fogelin (2015). _An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism_. Oxford University Press. p.230. ISBN9780199948239.

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  30. 28. 1Alka Patel (2004). _Building Communities in Gujarāt: Architecture and Society During the Twelfth Through Fourteenth Centuries_. Brill Publishers. pp.38–39. ISBN978-9004138902.

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  31. 29. 1Johan Elverskog (2011). _Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road_. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.48, 50, 52–54. ISBN978-0812205312.

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  32. 30. ↑Derryl L. MacLean (1989). _Early History Of Buddhism_. Brill Publishers. ISBN978-9004085510.

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  33. 31. ↑S. Frederick Starr (2013). _Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane_. Princeton University Press. p.98. ISBN9781400848805.

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  34. 32. ↑Lokesh Chandra (2007). _Buddhism: Art and Values: a Collection of Research Papers and Keynote Addresses on the Evolution of Buddhist Art and Thought Across the Lands of Asia_. International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan. p.269.

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  35. 33. 1Hamid Wahed Alikuza (2013). _A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14_. Trafford Publishing. pp.118, 120. ISBN9781490714417.

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  36. 34. ↑Touraj Daryaee (2012). _The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History_. Oxford University Press. p.278. ISBN9780190208820.

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  37. 35. ↑Beckwith, Christopher I. (2011). "The Sarvāstivādin Buddhist Scholastic Method in Medieval Islam and Tibet". In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles S. F.; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.). _Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes_. Ashgate Publishing. p.168. ISBN978-0-7546-6956-2.

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  38. 36. ↑Yarshater, Esham, ed. (1983). _The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods_. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol.3. Cambridge University Press. p.958. ISBN978-0-521-24693-4.

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  39. 37. ↑_The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries_. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p.308. ISBN9780226894287.

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  40. 38. ↑RC Majumdar (ed), History of Bengal, Dacca, 1943

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  41. 39. ↑Ahmad Hasan Dani, B.A. Litvinsky (1996-01-01). _History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750_. UNESCO. p.470. ISBN9789231032110.

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  42. 40. ↑Finbarr B. Flood (2009-05-03). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.30. ISBN978-0691125947.

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  43. 41. 1Sanyal, Sanjeev (15 November 2012). _Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography_. Penguin Books Limited. pp.130–1. ISBN978-81-8475-671-5.

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  44. 42. ↑Fogelin, Lars, An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism, Oxford University Press, p. 218.

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  45. 43. ↑"A Close View of Encounter between British Burma and British Bengal". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2015-09-27.

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  46. 44. 1The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 205)

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  47. 45. ↑The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 58)

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  48. 46. ↑_The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi: And Other Essays, Philosophical and Sociological_ by Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia (page 483)

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  49. 47. ↑B.R. Ambedkar: _Writings and Speeches_, vol.3, p.229-230.

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  50. 48. ↑_The Maha-Bodhi_ by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)

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  51. 49. ↑"The Turkish conquest". _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2015.

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  52. 50. ↑_Islam at War: A History_ by Mark W. Walton, George F. Nafziger, Laurent W. Mbanda (page 226)

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  53. 51. ↑_Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer_ by Jeannette Mirsky

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  54. 52. ↑_Ethnicity & Family Therapy_ edited by Nydia Garcia-Preto, Joe Giordano, Monica McGoldrick

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  55. 53. ↑_War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet_ by Eric S. Margolis page 165

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  56. 54. ↑_Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions_, by C. D. Naik, 2010, Page 35

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  57. 55. ↑Mimi Hanaoka (2016-09-09). _Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography: Persian Histories from the Peripheries_. Cambridge University Press. p.31. ISBN9781107127036.

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  58. 56. ↑David Morgan (2016) First published 1987. _Medieval Persia 1040-1797_ (Second ed.). Routledge. p.72. ISBN978-1-317-41567-1.

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  59. 57. ↑Timothy May (7 November 2016). _The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia_. ABC-CLIO. p.141. ISBN9781610693400.

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  60. 58. ↑Johan Elverskog (2011-06-06). _Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road_. Harvard University Press. p.141. ISBN978-0812205312.

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  61. 59. ↑Timothy May (2013-02-15). _The Mongol Conquests in World History_. Reaktion Books. p.188. ISBN9781861899712.

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  62. 60. ↑_Towards Rewriting?: New Approaches to Byzantine Archaeology and Art: Proceedings of the Symposium on Byzantine Art and Archaeology, Cracow, September 8 - 10, 2008_. Prus24.pl. 2013-02-15. p.188. ISBN9781861899712.

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  63. 61. ↑Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1994). _International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania_. Taylor & Francis. pp.457–. ISBN978-1-884964-04-6.

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  64. 62. ↑George Michell; John Gollings; Marika Vicziany; Yen Hu Tsui (2008). _Kashgar: Oasis City on China's Old Silk Road_. Frances Lincoln. pp.13–. ISBN978-0-7112-2913-6.

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  65. 63. 1James A. Millward (2007). _Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang_. Columbia University Press. pp.55–. ISBN978-0-231-13924-3.

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  66. 64. ↑Thum, Rian (August 2012). "Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism". _The Journal of Asian Studies_. **71** (3). The Association for Asian Studies: 632. doi:10.1017/S0021911812000629. JSTOR23263580. S2CID162917965. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

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  67. 65. ↑Thum, Rian (August 2012). "Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism". _The Journal of Asian Studies_. **71** (3). The Association for Asian Studies: 633. doi:10.1017/S0021911812000629. JSTOR23263580. S2CID162917965. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

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  68. 66. ↑Thum, Rian (August 2012). "Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism". _The Journal of Asian Studies_. **71** (3). The Association for Asian Studies: 634. doi:10.1017/S0021911812000629. JSTOR23263580. S2CID162917965. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

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  69. 67. 1Johan Elverskog (2011). _Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road_. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.94–95. ISBN978-0-8122-0531-2.

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  70. 68. 1Elverskog, Johan (2011). "Ritual Theory across the Buddhist-Muslim Divide in Late Imperial China". In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles S.; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.). _Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes_. Ashgate Publishing. p.295. ISBN978-0-7546-6956-2.

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  71. 69. ↑Valerie Hansen (2012). _The Silk Road: A New History_. Oxford University Press. pp.226–227. ISBN978-0-19-993921-3.

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  72. 70. 1Valerie Hansen (2012). _The Silk Road: A New History_. Oxford University Press. pp.227–228. ISBN978-0-19-993921-3.

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  73. 71. ↑Dankoff, Robert (2008). _From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi_. Isis Press. p.79. ISBN978-975-428-366-2.

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  74. 72. ↑Dankoff, Robert (1979–1980). "Three Turkic Verse Cycles Relating to Inner Asian Warfare". _Harvard Ukrainian Studies_. **3/4**: 160. JSTOR41035824.

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  75. 73. 1Takao Moriyasu (2004). _Die Geschichte des uigurischen Manichäismus an der Seidenstrasse: Forschungen zu manichäischen Quellen und ihrem geschichtlichen Hintergrund_. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp.207–. ISBN978-3-447-05068-5.

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  76. 74. ↑James A. Millward (2007). _Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang_. Columbia University Press. pp.69–. ISBN978-0-231-13924-3.

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  77. 75. ↑. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 2015-09-27.

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  78. 76. ↑Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998). _The Encyclopaedia of Islam_. Brill. p.677.

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  79. 77. ↑Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Bernard; Kramers, Johannes Hendrik; Pellat, Charles; Schacht, Joseph (2009-12-08). "The Encyclopaedia of Islam - Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Bernard Lewis, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Charles Pellat, Joseph Schacht". Retrieved 2015-09-27.

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  80. 78. ↑Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Bernard; Kramers, Johannes Hendrik; Pellat, Charles; Schacht, Joseph (2009-12-08). _The Encyclopaedia of Islam - Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Bernard Lewis, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Charles Pellat, Joseph Schacht_. Retrieved 2015-09-27.

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  81. 79. ↑Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Bernard; Kramers, Johannes Hendrik; Pellat, Charles; Schacht, Joseph (2009-12-08). _The Encyclopaedia of Islam - Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Bernard Lewis, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Charles Pellat, Joseph Schacht_. Retrieved 2015-09-27.

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  82. 80. ↑Goossaert, Vincent (2006). "1898: The Beginning of the End for Chinese Religion?". _Journal of Asian Studies_. **65** (2): 307–366. doi:10.1017/S0021911806000672.

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  83. 81. ↑James Edward Ketelaar, _Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan_; ISBN0-691-02481-2

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  84. 82. ↑Brian Victoria, _Zen War Stories_, ISBN0-7007-1581-9

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  85. 83. ↑Lee, Hye-yeong (2021). "10·27법난". _Encyclopedia of Korean Culture_ (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies.

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  86. 84. ↑Isla, Natasha, ed. (November 2004). "Burma: A Land Where Buddhist Monks Are Disrobed and Detained in Dungeons". _aappb.org_. Mae Sot: Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2015. Translated by Ko Kyaw Ye Aung

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  87. 85. ↑Chopra, Anuj (20 September 2007). "Burma's Buddhist monks take to the streets". _The Christian Science Monitor_. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

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  88. 86. ↑Diana Lary (1974). _Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937_. Cambridge University Press. p.98. ISBN978-0-521-20204-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

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  89. 87. ↑Don Alvin Pittman (2001). _Toward a modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's reforms_. University of Hawaii Press. p.146. ISBN978-0-8248-2231-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

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  90. 88. 1Diana Lary (1974). _Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937_. Cambridge University Press. p.99. ISBN978-0-521-20204-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

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  91. 89. 1Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). _Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity_. Rowman & Littlefield. p.54. ISBN978-0-7425-1144-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

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  92. 90. ↑David S. G. Goodman (2004). _China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives_. Cambridge University Press. p.72. ISBN978-0-521-61349-1. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

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  93. 91. ↑_Asian Art_, chap. "History of attacks on the Buddhas"

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  94. 92. ↑"booklet web E.indd". Retrieved 9 October 2013.

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  95. 93. ↑Laban Kaptein, _Eindtijd en Antichrist_, p. 127. Leiden 1997. ISBN90-73782-89-9

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  96. 94. ↑"Ancient Buddhas Will Not Be Rebuilt – UNESCO". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2013.

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  97. 95. ↑"Photogrammetric reconstruction of the Great Buddha of Bamiyan, Afghanistan". Idb.arch.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 2015-08-24. Retrieved 2015-09-27.

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  98. 96. ↑Bloch, Hannah (September 2015). "Mega Copper Deal in Afghanistan Fuels Rush to Save Ancient Treasures". _National Geographic_. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015.

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  99. 97. ↑Malala Yousafzai (8 October 2013). _I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban_. Little, Brown. pp.123–124. ISBN978-0-316-32241-6.

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  100. 98. ↑Wijewardena, W.A. (17 February 2014). "'I am Malala': But then, we all are Malalas, aren't we?". _Daily FT_.

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  101. 99. ↑Wijewardena, W.A (17 February 2014). "'I am Malala': But Then, We All Are Malalas, Aren't We?". _Colombo Telegraph_.

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  102. 100. ↑"Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha". _BBC News_. 12 September 2007.

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  103. 101. ↑"Another attack on the giant Buddha of Swat". _AsiaNews.it_. 10 November 2007.

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  104. 102. ↑"Taliban and traffickers destroying Pakistan's Buddhist heritage". _AsiaNews.it_. 22 October 2012.

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  105. 103. ↑"Taliban trying to destroy Buddhist art from the Gandhara period". _AsiaNews.it_. 27 November 2009.

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  106. 104. ↑Felix, Qaiser (21 April 2009). "Archbishop of Lahore: Sharia in the Swat Valley is contrary to Pakistan's founding principles". _AsiaNews.it_.

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  107. 105. ↑Rizvi, Jaffer (6 July 2012). "Pakistan police foil huge artefact smuggling attempt". _BBC News_.

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  108. 106. ↑"Buddha attacked by Taliban gets facelift in Pakistan". _Dawn_. Karachi, Pakistan. Associated Press. 25 June 2012.

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  109. 107. ↑Khaliq, Fazal (7 November 2016). "Iconic Buddha in Swat valley restored after nine years when Taliban defaced it". _Dawn_.

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  110. 108. ↑Gray 1994.

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  111. 109. 1O'Brien 2004.

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  112. 110. ↑Mey 1984.

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  113. 111. ↑Mohsin 2003.

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  114. 112. ↑Roy 2000.

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  115. 113. ↑Chakma & Hill 2013.

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  116. 114. ↑"Chittagong Hill Tracts: Sabita Chakma's Murder Condemned By CHT Commission". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 19 February 2014.

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  117. 115. ↑McEvoy, Mark (3 April 2014). "Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh – rapists act with impunity". _Survival International - The movement for tribal peoples_.

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  118. 116. ↑"Chittagong Hill Tracts: Town of Chakma Villagers Attacked and Houses Burned Down". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 18 December 2014.

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  119. 117. ↑Singh, Deepak K. (2010). _Stateless in South Asia The Chakmas Between Bangladesh and India_. Sage Publications. p.33. ISBN978-8132104940.

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  242. 240. ↑"Tibetan monks: A controlled life". _The Guardian_. 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2023-01-02.

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  243. 241. ↑Kuzmin, Sergius L. (2011). Andrey Terentyev (ed.). _Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation_. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. pp.214–215. ISBN978-93-80359-47-2.

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  244. 242. ↑"China announces "civilizing" atheism drive in Tibet". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 12 January 1999. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

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  245. 243. ↑"Mongolia's monks make a comeback". _Television New Zealand_. 18 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.

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  247. 245. ↑Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (21 November 2013). _The Oxford Handbook of Atheism_. OUP Oxford. p.506. ISBN9780191667398. Plagued with poverty and starvation, and characterized by the entrenched denial of basic human or civil rights, North Korea maintains a state-sanctioned and enforced atheism, with the only 'religion' permissible being that of the worship of the dictator.

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  248. 246. ↑Ross, Jeffrey Ian (4 March 2015). _Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present_. Routledge. p.776. ISBN9781317461098. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Burmese government persecuted approximately 2,000 Buddhist monks who, refusing to ahdere to government rule that ultimately contravened Buddhist philosophy, were either arrested or bayoneted by government troops. During that time, North Korea effectively exterminated all signs of Buddhism, and Cambodia's Pol Pot regime implemented a similar extermination program of Buddhist clergy.

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  249. 247. 1Bräker, Hans (2008). "Buddhism in the Soviet Union: Annihilation or survival?". _Religion in Communist Lands_. **11** (1): 36–48. doi:10.1080/09637498308431057. ISSN0307-5974. The Party and State countered with the argument that Buddhist atheism had nothing to do with militant atheism, which was based on the Marxist-materialist interpretation of the laws of nature and society. The precise and binding outcome of this "new" attitude is to be found in the article on Buddhism in the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. This argued that the theory that Buddhism was an atheist religion or a philosophical system was totally untenable, and that it was an attempt by the ideologues of the exploiting class to gloss over the reactionary nature of Buddhism. In reality, Buddhism was no more than an instrument erected by the feudal lords to exploit the working masses. However, since

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  250. 248. ↑"Asia Times: Buddhist revival tangles with politics". _Asia Times_. 1999-08-26. Archived from the original on 2000-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-27.

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  251. 249. ↑Geraci, Robert P.; Khodarkovsky, Michael (2001). _Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia_. Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0-8014-8703-3. Despite the onset of antireligious persecution, the Soviet government, desiring the support of Muslims and Buddhists, stopped short of launching an all-out war against their religious beliefs and institutions. However, it was predictable that such a situation would be only temporary. As Sovietization advanced further into Buriat and Kalmyk regions, the number of Lamaist clergy and _khuruls_ was reduced.

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  252. 250. ↑Nguyễn Lang (2019) 1973. "Chương 36: Thế đứng của Phật giáo Việt Nam". _Việt Nam Phật giáo Sử luận_ (in Vietnamese).

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  253. 251. ↑"Vietnam: Religious Freedom Denied". Human Rights Watch. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

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  254. 252. ↑"Vietnam — Thich Nhat Hanh responds to Bat Nha crackdown with Zen koan - Buddhachannel". _buddhachannel.tv_. Archived from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2017-04-08.

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  255. * Chakma, Kabita; Hill, Glen (2013). "Indigenous Women and Culture in the Colonized Chittagong Hills Tracts of Bangladesh". In Kamala Visweswaran (ed.). _Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East_. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.132–157. ISBN978-0812244878.

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  256. * de Silva, K. M. (1981). _A History of Sri Lanka_. University of California Press. ISBN9780520043206.

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