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Multan Sun Temple

35 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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1. ↑His description went:
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2. ↑For details on the production of Baladhuri's text and its sources, consult Lynch, Ryan J. (August 2021). _Arab Conquests and Early Islamic Historiography: The Futuh al-Buldan of al-Baladhuri_. I. B. Tauris. ISBN9780755644681.
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3. ↑The Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan is held to have had personally consented to this proposal.7 However, this is an anachronism; the Caliph was long-dead by the time Qasim had his eyes set on Indian frontiers.7
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4. ↑Al-biruni would note the gems to be rubies but he did not see the (since-destructed) idol.
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5. ↑A millennium later, V. D. Savarkar, the progenitor of Hindutva in India, would lambast the Hindu Kings — and his Brahmin counsel — for having chosen to shy away from military conflict out of a blind reverence for scriptures. In a polemical tract, Savarkar argued that they should have instead pressed forward and threatened the Governor of reciprocation — all mosques in their territory were to be demolished and the Sun Temple was to be rebuilt atop the Kabul Shahi Mosque.
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6. ↑A tenth-century bronze idol of Surya from Mansura attests to the continuity of the solar cult even under Muslim rule.14 Mints of Arabic Governors had both Hindu and Islamic inscriptions on the obverse, probably pointing to a heteropraxic governance.14
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7. ↑Al-Muqaddasi, visiting Multan in 985, found the majority to be Shi'as.
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8. ↑Older historians have generally (and incorrectly) assumed Jalan to have usurped power by overthrowing the Abbasid sovereigns.4
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9. ↑The old mosque was also shut, which would be only restored by Mahmud of Ghazni during the sacking of Sindh, c. 1005.16
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10. ↑Notably, the Hindu Shahis and Multan Emirate had entered into a strategic alliance in the wake of Mahmud's invasions. Describing Mahmud's assaults on Multan, the focus of his court chroniclers remained on the suppression of the Ismai'li heretics; thousands were supposedly killed and the main Shi'a mosque was abandoned.
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11. ↑The precise term was "Catry Pagoda".
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12. ↑Tradition accuses Aurangzeb of having massacred thousands of Hindus in Multan for their rampant desecration of Muslim shrines.19 From what is known to historical certainty, Aurangzeb, in his days as a Governor of Multan (1648–1652), had fostered cordial relationships with prominent local Muslims; Dara Shukoh failed to win Multan's support for his bid to the Mughal throne despite his offer to pay twenty-five thousand rupees to the Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya.
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13. ↑The mausoleum is supposed to house the remains of Pir Shams (fl. 12th century), an Ismaili preacher of Iranian descent who was sent by the imams of Alamut and played an important role in the spread of Satpanth. However, local traditions dispute this and claim an association of the tomb with Shams Tabrizi, who is argued to have not died in Qonya but escaped to Multan by "walking on the sea."
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14. ↑Not to be confused with the Shahi Eid Gah Mosque. It is not known when and by whom was the Jami Masjid commissioned. The mosque got re-provisioned into a powder magazine by Diwan Mulraj's forces during the Siege of Multan and was blown up on the morning of 30 December 1848 upon being shelled by East India Company.20 The explosion destroyed many other structures inside and outside the fort, combusted the granary, and killed hundreds.21 Charlie Pollard, an officer of the Bengal Engineers gave a vivid description:21
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1. ↑Bronkhorst, Johannes (2014–2015). "The Magas". _Brahmavidyā: The Adyar Library Bulletin_. 78–79: 459–486.
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2. 1Cummins, Joan Marie (2001). _Dual darśana: Re-addressing the Sūrya icon_ (Thesis). Columbia University. ProQuest304688353.
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3. ↑Lawrence, Bruce B. (1976). _Shahrastani on the Indian Religions_. De Gruyter. p.195. doi:10.1515/9783110800999-006. ISBN978-3-11-080099-9.
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4. 1Maclean, Derryl (1989). _Religion and society in Arab Sind_. Monographs and Theoretical Studies in Sociology and Anthropology in Honour of Nels Anderson (25). Leiden: Brill. pp.3, 19–20, 134–136. ISBN978-90-04-08551-0.
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5. 1Wink, André (1997). _Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2, Volume 1_. BRILL. pp.187–188. ISBN9789004095090.
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6. 1Asif, Manan Ahmed (2016). _A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia_. Harvard University Press. ISBN9780674660113.
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7. 1Friedmann, Yohanan (1972). "The Temple of Multān: A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry". _Israel Oriental Studies_. **II**: 176–182. ISSN0334-4401.
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8. 1Ali, Hassan (December 2015). "SurajKund: A Lost Icon in the hagiography of Shah Shams in Multan". _Journal of Historical Studies_. **1** (2): 80–94.
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9. 1Mirchandani, B. D. (1968). "Sun Temple of Multan". _Journal of Indian History_. **46** (2).
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10. ↑Laoust, H. (24 April 2012), "Ibn al-D̲j̲awzī", _Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition_, Brill, retrieved 6 March 2022
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11. ↑Miquel, A. (24 April 2012), "al-Iṣṭak̲h̲rī", _Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition_, Brill, retrieved 6 March 2022
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12. 1Hasan, Shaikh Khurshid (2008). _Pakistan: Its Ancient Hindu Temples and Shrines_. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp.86–88. ISBN978-969-415-081-9.
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13. ↑Lowe, Dunstan (2016). "Suspending Disbelief: Magnetic and Miraculous Levitation from Antiquity to the Middle Ages". _Classical Antiquity_. **35** (2): 270. ISSN0278-6656.
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14. 1Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. pp.19, 37, 39, 42, 155, 279, 297. ISBN9780691125947.
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15. ↑Kassam, Tazim R. (August 1995). "Rethinking the Emergence and Significance of Satpanth Isma'ilism". _Songs of Wisdom and Circles of Dance: Hymns of the Satpanth Isma'ili Muslim Saint, Pir Shams_. New York: State University of New York Press. pp.43–45. ISBN9780791425916.
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16. ↑Jain, Meenakshi, ed. (2011). _The India They Saw – Foreign Accounts: 8th to 15th Centuries_. Delhi: Ocean Books (p) Ltd. pp.138–139, 226. ISBN9788184301076.
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17. ↑Oman, G. (24 April 2012), "al-Idrīsī", _Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition_, Brill, retrieved 6 March 2022
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18. 1Ahmad (1960). _India and the Neighbouring Territories in the Kitāb Nuzhat Al-mushtq̄ Fi'khtirāq Al-'āfāq of Al-Sharīf Al-Idrīsī_. Brill. pp.50–51, 149–150.
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19. ↑Ross, David (1883). _The Land of the Five Rivers and Sindh: Historical & Descriptive Sketches_. London: Chapman and Hall. p.101.
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20. 1Cunnngham, Alexander (1875). _Archaeological Survey of India_. Vol.5. The Superintendent of Government, Calcutta. p.119.
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21. 1Singh, Amarpal (2017). _The Second Anglo-Sikh War: 1848–49_. Delhi: HarperCollins. pp.504–506. ISBN9789352773282.
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