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Muhammad bin Qasim

89 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 1. ↑The Indus River during this time flowed to the east of Nerun, but a 10th-century earthquake caused the river to change to its course

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  2. 1. Jump up to: 1Gabrieli 1965, p.281.

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  3. 2. ↑Gabrieli 1965, pp.281–282.

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  4. 3. ↑Baloch 1953, p.244.

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  5. 4. Jump up to: 1Gabrieli 1965, p.282.

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  6. 5. ↑Lecker 2000, p.432.

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  7. 6. Jump up to: 1Baloch 1953, p.243.

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  8. 7. ↑Baloch 1953, pp.243–244.

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  9. 8. ↑Baloch 1953, p.244, note 11.

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  10. 9. Jump up to: 1Baloch 1953, p.245.

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  11. 10. Jump up to: 1Baloch 1953, pp.245–246.

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  12. 11. Jump up to: 1Friedmann 1993, p.405.

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  13. 12. ↑Gabrieli 1965, p.283.

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  14. 13. ↑Baloch 1953, p.247.

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  15. 14. ↑Gabrieli 1965, pp.282–283.

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  16. 15. ↑Baloch 1953, p.246.

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  17. 16. Jump up to: 1Asani, Ali (2006), "Muhammad ibn al-Qasim", in Meri, Josef W. (ed.), _Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z_, Taylor & Francis, pp.524–525, ISBN978-0-415-96692-4

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  18. 17. ↑Durrani, Ashiq Muhammad Khān (1991), _History of Multan: from the early period to 1849 A.D._, Vanguard, p.10, ISBN9789694020457

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  19. 18. ↑Limbert, John (2004), _Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City_, University of Washington Press, p.4, ISBN978-0-295-98391-2

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  20. 19. ↑_The Silk Road Encyclopedia_, Seoul Selection, 18 July 2016, p.1622, ISBN978-1-62412-076-3

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  21. 20. ↑Maclean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, BRILL, pp. 126, ISBN90-04-08551-3

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  22. 21. ↑History of al-Tabari Vol. 39, pp. 228, under "Those Who Died in the Year 111", State University of New York Press, (1998).

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  23. 22. ↑Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani, "Tahdhib al-Tahdhib", Volume 7, pp 226, narrator no. 413.

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  24. 23. Jump up to: 1Wink 2002, p.164

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  25. 24. ↑Wink 2002, pp.51–52

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  26. 25. Jump up to: 1Nicholas F. Gier, From Mongols to Mughals: Religious violence in India 9th-18th centuries, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006.

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  27. 26. ↑Shoeb, Robina (2016). "Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman". _Pakistan Vision_. **17** (1): 229. But this version of the story is almost absent and not accepted by many historians, because Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Sindh to punish the then ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir who captured some Muslim women, and to release them he attacked Sindh.

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  28. 27. Jump up to: 1Wink 2002, pp.201–205

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  29. 28. ↑Wink 2002, p.131

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  30. 29. ↑Sailendra Nath Sen (1 January 1999), _Ancient Indian History and Civilization_, New Age International, pp.343–, ISBN978-81-224-1198-0

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  31. 30. ↑MacLean 1989, pp.37–39

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  32. 31. Jump up to: 1MacLean 1989, pp.37–39.

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  33. 32. Jump up to: 1Wink 2002, pp.204–206

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  34. 33. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN0226742210. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

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  35. 34. Jump up to: 1Appleby. pg. 291-292

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  36. 35. ↑H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, _The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians_, (London, 1867-1877), vol. 1, p. 203. "Kaksa took precedence in the army before all the nobles and commanders. He collected the revenue of the country and the treasury was placed under his seal. He assisted Muhammad Kásim in all of his undertakings..."

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  37. 36. ↑_The Chach-Nama_. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979. Online version. Retrieved 3 October 2006

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  38. 37. ↑Chapter by S Jabir Raza _Passages in the Chachnama, Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi_, Text and Translation, from the book _The Jats, Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North-West India_, Volume 2, pp. 43–52

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  39. 38. Jump up to: 1Vijaya Ramaswamy, ed. (2017). _Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India_. Routledge. ISBN9781351558242. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

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  40. 39. ↑Manan Ahmed Asif, 2016, A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia, Harvard University Press, p.211.

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  41. 40. ↑Sailendra Nath Sen, 1999, Ancient Indian History and Civilization, New Age International Publishers, pp-347-348.

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  42. 41. ↑David Nicolle, 2023, Medieval Indian Armies (2): Indo-Islamic Forces, 7th–Early 16th century, Osprey Publishing, United Kingdom of Britain, p 14.

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  43. 42. ↑_Medieval India_ by Stanly Lane-Poole, Pub 1970, Page 10.

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  44. 43. ↑Habib Tiliouine, Richard J. Estes, 2016, "The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies", Springer, page 338.

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  45. 44. ↑John Powell, 2010, "Weapons & Warfare: Warfare: culture and concepts", Salem Press, page 884.

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  46. 45. ↑(Quran 9:29) “Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - fight until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.”

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  47. 46. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari Volume 4 Chapter 88) Narrated Ibn Umar that the Prophet said, "My livelihood is under the shade of my spear, and he who disobeys my orders will be humiliated by paying Jizya."

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  48. 47. Jump up to: 1Iqtidar Hisain Siddiqui, 2010, Indo-Persian historiography up to thirteenth century, Primum Books, Delhi.

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  49. 48. ↑Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). _Legal Traditions of the World_. Oxford University Press. pp.218–219.

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  50. 49. ↑H. Patrick Glenn, _Legal Traditions of the World_. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.

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  51. 50. ↑Bennett, Clinton (2005). _Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates_. Continuum International Publishing Group. p.163. ISBN082645481X. Retrieved 7 July 2012.

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  52. 51. ↑Manan Ahmed Asif (2016). _A Book of Conquest_. Harvard University Press. pp.111–112. ISBN978-0-674-97243-8.

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  53. 52. ↑Schimmel pg.4

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  54. 53. Jump up to: 1Mohammad Yunus, Aradhana Parmar, 2003, "South Asia: A Historical Narrative", Oxford University Press, page 123.

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  55. 54. ↑Shoeb, Robina (2016). "Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman". _Pakistan Vision_. **17** (1): 225–229.

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  56. 55. ↑Wink 2002, p.53

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  57. 56. Jump up to: 1Keay, pg. 185

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  58. 57. ↑Wink 2002, pp.207–

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  59. 58. ↑End of ‘Imad-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Qasim. The Arab Conqueror of Sind by S.M. Jaffar - Quarterly Islamic Culture, Hyderabad Deccan, Vol.19 Jan 1945

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  60. 59. ↑Pakistan, the cultural heritage by Aḥmad Shujāʻ Pāshā Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, Page 43

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  61. 60. ↑Balouch, Akhtar (8 April 2014). "Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?". _Dawn_. Pakistan. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

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  62. 61. ↑_The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest_. (1900). Translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Karachi: Commissioners Press.

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  63. 62. ↑Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi (2010). _Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century_. Primus Books. p.32. ISBN9788190891806.

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  64. 63. ↑Keay, pg 186-187

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  65. 64. ↑Akbar, M.J, _The Shade of Swords_, Routledge (UK), December 1, 2003, ISBN0-415-32814-4 pg.102.

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  66. 65. ↑MacLean 1989, pp.22–29

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  67. 66. ↑_Medieval India_ by Stanley Lane-Poole, Published by Haskell House Publishers Ltd. NY 1970. Page 10

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  68. 67. ↑_A Book of Conquest_, p. 169, authored by Manan Ahmed Asif, published by Oxford University Press, 19-Sep-2016.

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  69. 68. Jump up to: 1MacLean 1989, pp.22–29.

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  70. 69. ↑MacLean 1989, pp.31–33

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  71. 70. Jump up to: 1MacLean 1989, pp.31–33.

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  72. 71. ↑_Sindhi Culture_ by U.T. Thakkur, University of Bombay 1959

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  73. 72. ↑Friedmann 1993, pp.405–406.

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  74. 73. ↑Friedmann 1993, p.406.

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  75. 74. Jump up to: 1Markovits, Claude _The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama_, Cambridge University Press, June 22, 2000, ISBN0-521-62285-9, pg. 34.

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  76. 75. ↑Federal Research Division. _"Pakistan a Country Study"_, Kessinger Publishing, June 1, 2004, ISBN1-4191-3994-0 pg.45.

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  77. 76. ↑"Pakistan Movement". cybercity-online.net. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

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  78. 77. Jump up to: 1Qasim Sodhar (17 June 2020). "Distorted history of the Subcontinent". _Daily Times (newspaper)_. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

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  79. 78. ↑"KARACHI: Babul Islam day observed". _Dawn_. Pakistan. Associated Press Of Pakistan. 7 November 2003. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

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  80. 79. ↑Cheesman, David _Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind_, Routledge (UK), February 1, 1997, ISBN0-7007-0470-1

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  81. * Friedmann, Y. (1993). "Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P.&Pellat, Ch. (eds.). _The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition._ Volume VII:_Mif–Naz_. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp.405–406. ISBN978-90-04-09419-2.

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  82. * Gier, Nicholas F. (2014), "From Mongols to Mughals: Hindu–Muslim relations in medieval India", _The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective_, Lexington Books, ISBN978-0-7391-9223-8

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  83. * Lecker, M. (2000). "Thakīf". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.&Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). _The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition._ Volume X:_T–U_. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p.432. ISBN978-90-04-11211-7.

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  84. * Schimmel, Annemarie, _Islam in the Indian Subcontinent_, Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1980, ISBN90-04-06117-7

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  85. * Appleby, R Scott & Martin E Marty, _Fundamentalisms Comprehended_, University of Chicago Press, May 1, 2004, ISBN0-226-50888-9

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  86. * Wink, André (1996) first published 1990, _Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam_ (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN0391041738

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  87. * Wink, André (2002) first published 1990, _Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam_, Brill, ISBN9780391041738

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  88. * Keay, John, _India: A History_, Grove Press, May 1, 2001, ISBN0-8021-3797-0

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  89. * MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), _Religion and Society in Arab Sind_, BRILL, ISBN90-04-08551-3

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