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Meenakshi Temple

195 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

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  1. 1. ↑Tamil transliteration:Mīṉākṣi or Mīṉāṭci

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  2. 2. ↑Tamil transliteration: Suntarēsvarar

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  3. 3. ↑While the temple faces east, the shrines and gopurams are not exactly aligned east-west.

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  4. 4. ↑His alternate names in texts and Madurai Meenakshi temple-related inscriptions include Chockalingam, Chockanathar, Meenakshi Sundarar, Somasundarar, Kalyana Sundarar, Shanbaga Sundarar, Attavai Shevagan, Adiyarku Nallan, Adhiraveesi, Vilayaduvan, Abhideka Chockar, Azhagiya Chockar, Kadambavana Chockar, Puzhugu Neidhu Chockar, Kadambavaneswarar, Karpoora Chockar, Madureswarar, Irayanar, Peralavayar.89

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  5. 5. ↑These offerings are always vegetarian, and animal sacrifices are never performed, states Christopher Fuller.110

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  6. 1. 1"திரு ஆலவாய் நாச்சியார் திருக்கோவில்"Thiru Alavaai Naachiyar Thirukovil. _BBC_ (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 22 December 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

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  7. 2. ↑_Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966_. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p.543.

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  8. 3. ↑"This Temple Is Covered in Thousands of Colorful Statues". _National Geographic_. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.

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  9. 4. ↑Gopal 1990, p.181.

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  10. 5. ↑Dickey 2016, p.9.

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  11. 6. ↑Swaroop, Vishnu (7 November 2016). "Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?". _The Times of India_. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

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  12. 7. ↑Madhavan, Chitra (1–15 July 2011). "The artist who designed the State emblem". _Madras Musings_. **XXI** (6). Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

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  13. 8. ↑"Madurai's Meenakshi Temple named best 'Swachh Iconic Place' in India". _The Hindu_. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2017.

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  14. 9. ↑Knott 2000, section 10.

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  15. 10. 1Harman 1992, p.24.

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  16. 11. ↑Hall 1949, p.33.

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  17. 12. ↑Fisher 2018, p.74.

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  18. 13. ↑_Journal of Indian History_. Department of History, University of Kerala. 2002. p.96.

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  19. 14. ↑_A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language, Vol. VII, PART - II_, p.68, மீனாட்சி, Mīṉāṭci, பெ. (n.) மதுரையை உறைவிடமாகக் கொண்ட தெய்வம்; Umā, the tutelary Goddess of Madurai. மீன் + ஆட்சி. மீனைக் கொடியில் சின்னமாகக் கொண்டவள். Translation: Meen + Aatchi. She who used a fish as the symbol for her flag. (மீன் - Mīṉ meaning "fish", ஆட்சி- āṭci meaning "rule")

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  20. 15. ↑_Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966_. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p.543.

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  21. 16. 1Ayyar 1982, pp.477–479.

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  22. 17. ↑"The Sacred Sports of Siva - Introduction". _Shaivam_. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.

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  23. 18. 1Harman 1992, pp.44–47.

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  24. 19. 1Brockman 2011, pp.326–327.

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  25. 20. ↑Harman 1992, pp.22–23.

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  26. 21. 1Bayly 1989, p.29.

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  27. 22. 1Fuller 1995, pp.205–217.

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  28. 23. ↑Shulman 2014, pp.138–149.

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  29. 24. ↑"Minaksi or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle?". _South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings XXV, Kamaraj University_. Madurai. 2005. pp.551–553. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.

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  30. 25. 1Bellows 2008, p.155.

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  31. 26. ↑Menzies 2006, p.15.

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  32. 27. ↑Hiltebeitel & Erndl 2000, pp.220–227.

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  33. 28. ↑Reynolds 1987, pp.34–37.

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  34. 29. ↑Kumar 2001, p.184.

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  35. 30. ↑Smith 1996, pp.10–48.

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  36. 31. ↑Soundara Rajan 2001, p.51.

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  37. 32. ↑R.K.K. Rajarajan (2014). "Dancing Halls Five". _Religions of South Asia_. **8** (2). doi:10.1558/rosa.v8i2.197. Retrieved 29 November 2016.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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  38. 33. ↑Prentiss 1999, pp.78–79.

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  39. 34. ↑ (2004). "Campantar Tirumurai 1". Project Madurai. p.61. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2011.

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  40. 35. ↑ (2004). "Campantar Tirumurai 3". Project Madurai. pp.56–58. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2011.

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  41. 36. ↑ (2004). "Appar Tirumurai 6". Project Madurai. pp.44–47. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2011.

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  42. 37. ↑"A comprehensive description of the 276 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns". _Templenet_. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

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  43. 38. ↑Subramanian 2003, p.96.

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  44. 39. ↑Bryant 2007, p.545.

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  45. 40. ↑Padmaja 2002, p.98.

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  46. 41. ↑Datta 2005, p.1626.

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  47. 42. ↑Kinsley 1998, p.227.

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  48. 43. ↑Bruno 1998, p.228.

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  49. 44. 1Ramaswamy 2017, p.9.

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  50. 45. ↑"Sangam Literature". _Encyclopedia Britannica_. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

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  51. 46. ↑Cotterell 2011, p.190.

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  52. 47. ↑Reddy 2013, p.10.

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  53. 48. 1Fuller 2003, pp.94–113.

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  54. 49. 1Uma 2015, pp.19–32.

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  55. 50. 1Uma 2015, pp.19–23.

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  56. 51. ↑More 2004, p.10.

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  57. 52. 1Michell 1995, pp.9–10.

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  58. 53. 1Melton 2014, p.884.

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  59. 54. ↑Bayly 1989, p.109.

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  60. 55. ↑Ernst 2004, p.109.

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  61. 56. ↑Chaturvedi 2006, p.209.

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  62. 57. ↑Eraly 2015, p.155.

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  63. 58. 1Michell 1993, pp.4–8.

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  64. 59. ↑Jackson 2016, pp.62–66.

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  65. 60. 1Fuller 2004, pp.94–113.

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  66. 61. 1King 2005, pp.72–74.

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  67. 62. ↑Crewe & Lea 2003, p.401.

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  68. 63. ↑. _Encyclopedia Britannica_. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. The Meenakshi temple, Tirumala Nayak palace, Teppakulam tank (an earthen embankment reservoir), and a 1000-pillared hall were rebuilt in the Vijayanagar period (16th–17th century) after the total destruction of the city in 1310

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  69. 64. ↑Michell 1995, pp.14, 78–81.

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  70. 65. 1Uma 2015, pp.24–32.

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  71. 66. ↑Hatcher 2015, pp.20–21.

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  72. 67. ↑Uma 2015, pp.34–47.

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  73. 68. 1Uma 2015, pp.36–37.

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  74. 69. 1Uma 2015, pp.32–33.

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  75. 70. 1Uma 2015, pp.38–39.

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  76. 71. ↑Vriddhagirisan 1995, p.115.

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  77. 72. 1Palaniyappan 1963, p.76.

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  78. 73. ↑King 2005, pp.72–75.

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  79. 74. ↑Lewandowski, Susan J. (1977). "Changing Form and Function in the Ceremonial and the Colonial Port City in India: An Historical Analysis of Madurai and Madras". _Modern Asian Studies_. **11** (2): 183–212. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00015080. ISSN0026-749X. S2CID145422778.

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  80. 75. ↑Pavone 2014, p.338.

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  81. 76. ↑Bayly 1989, pp.391–394.

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  82. 77. 1Balaram Iyer 1987, p.43.

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  83. 78. ↑Karthikeyan, D. (9 July 2013). "Reliving the historic temple entry". _The Hindu_. ISSN0971-751X. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

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  84. 79. ↑Uma 2015, pp.48–53.

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  85. 80. ↑"Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959". Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2021.

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  86. 81. ↑"Consecration ceremony". _Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department_. Archived from the original on 8 May 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

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  87. 82. ↑Kamath 2000, pp.140–141.

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  88. 83. 1King 2005, pp.72–73.

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  89. 84. 1Selby & Peterson 2008, p.149.

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  90. 85. 1Hatcher 2015, pp.20–22.

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  91. 86. ↑Reynolds 1987, pp.5–6, 12, 24–25, 34–37.

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  92. 87. ↑Uma 2015, pp.16–17, 24–26.

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  93. 88. ↑Singer 1991, pp.94–95.

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  94. 89. 1"Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareshwarar Thirukkoil – Temple Towers". _Madurai Meenakshi Temple_. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.

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  95. 90. ↑Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1997). "Pañcapretāsanāsīnī-Sadāśivī". _South Asian Studies_. **8**: 25–29. doi:10.1080/02666030.1997.9628522.

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  96. 91. 1Subramanian 2003, pp.96–98.

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  97. 92. 1Fuller 1980, pp.321–348.

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  98. 93. ↑Pal 1988, p.291.

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  99. 94. ↑Uma 2015, pp.19–38.

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  100. 95. ↑Chinmaya 2008, p.174.

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  101. 96. ↑"Temple theertham". _Meenakshi Temple_. 2012. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.

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  102. 97. ↑Michell 1995, p.241.

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  103. 98. 1Uma 2015, pp.22–39.

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  104. 99. ↑Branfoot, Crispin (2008). "Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India". _The Art Bulletin_. **90** (2): 171–194. doi:10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389. JSTOR20619601. S2CID154135978.

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  105. 100. ↑Rajarajan 2013.

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  106. 101. ↑Uma 2015, pp.24–31.

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  107. 102. ↑Nicholson 1997, pp.279–280.

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  108. 103. 1Uma 2015, pp.41–43.

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  109. 104. 1Uma 2015, pp.39–41.

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  110. 105. ↑Uma 2015, pp.34–35.

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  111. 106. ↑Palaniyappan 1963, p.93.

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  112. 107. ↑_Awakened India_. Vol.112. Prabuddha bharata office. 2007. p.47.

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  113. 108. ↑Uma 2015, pp.33–34.

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  114. 109. 1Fuller 2004, pp.63–74.

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  115. 110. ↑Fuller 2004, p.97.

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  116. 111. ↑Fuller 2004, p.67.

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  117. 112. ↑Bansal 2008, p.123.

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  118. 113. 1"Chithirai Festival". _Government of India_. Archived from the original on 20 April 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

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  119. 114. ↑Harman 1992, p.65.

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  120. 115. ↑Harman 1992, p.66.

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  121. 116. ↑Muthiah 2008, p.104.

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  122. 117. ↑"Avani Moolam festival". _The Hindu_ (in Tamil). 3 September 2025. Retrieved 1 December 2025.

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  123. 118. ↑"Navarathri celebrations: Meenakshi temple golu display steals the show". _The Times of India_. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2017.

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  124. 119. ↑"Crowds throng Madurai Meenakshi temple for 'golu'". _The Hindu_. 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2014.

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  125. 120. ↑"Gods and gopurams in full glow". _The Hindu_. 1 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

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