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Koneswaram Temple
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1. ↑“He performed Brahmanical sacrifices, worshipped at the Saiva shrine of Konesvaram in Trincomalee and spent his last days in the Brahmana settlement at Kantalay.”3
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed1. 1Ramachandran, Nirmala (2004). _The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka_. Pannapitiya: Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. ISBN978-955-8733-97-4. OCLC230674424.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗2. 1Pillay, K. (1963). "South India and Ceylon". University of Madras: 174. OCLC250247191.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗3. ↑Indrapala, K. (2005). _The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E_. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. ISBN0-646-42546-3. pp.252-253
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed4. ↑"Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗5. 1S. Pathmanathan, Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka, pp.58-59
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed6. 1Pridham, Charles (1849). "Trincomalee– Its Early History". _An historical, political, and statistical account of Ceylon and its dependencies_. London: T. and W. Boone. pp.544–546. OCLC2556531. The Malabars call it Tirukonathamalei, or "the mountain of the sacred Konatha," from the Hindoo god of that name, who had formerly a temple on the summit of one of the hills there, which was celebrated over the whole of India...
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗7. ↑Hugh Chisholm (1911). _The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 27_. _Encyclopædia Britannica_. pp. 284
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed8. 1Sivaratnam, C (1964). _An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism_ (1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. OCLC12240260. Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE, according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty...
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗9. ↑Herbert Keuneman; John Gottberg; Ravindralal Anthonis; Hans Hoefer (1985). _Sri Lanka_ (3 ed.). Hong Kong: Hong Kong: Apa Productions (HK); Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Distributed by Prentice Hall, 1985. p.214. ISBN978-0-13-839944-3. OCLC13501485.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗10. 1Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). _The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE_. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p.324. ISBN978-955-1266-72-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed11. ↑Eratosthenes, Duane W. Roller (2010). Eratosthenes' "Geography". pp. 180. "Taprobane" (one of several names of the island known to Greeks and Romans) is perhaps Sanskrit "Tambraparni", encountered by Greeks through Tamil "Tampirapanni": See Lionel Casson, (1989). _The Periplus Maris Erythraei_. Princeton. pp. 230–232
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed12. ↑John Watson McCrindle (1971). Ancient India as described in classical literature. pp. 18–20
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed13. 1E Greig, Doreen (1987). "The reluctant colonists: Netherlanders abroad in the 17th and 18th centuries". U.S.A.: Assen, The Netherlands; Wolfeboro, N.H., U.S.A.: 227. OCLC14069213.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗14. 1Vyasa. (400 B.C.). Mahabharata. Sections LXXXV and LXXXVIII. Book 3. pp. 46–47, 99
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗15. 1S. Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Colombo, 1978. pages 135–144
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed16. ↑McCrindle 1877: pp. 62–63
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed17. ↑"South Dakota State University". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗18. 1H.N. Apte, Vayupurana, Chapter 48 verses 20–30, Poona, 1929
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed19. ↑Pathmanathan 2006, pp.57
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed20. 1An inscription of the Cola king, Rajendra I (1012–1044 A.D.) was found recently at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 B.C. to C. 1200 A.D. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. ISBN978-955-1266-72-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed21. 1Arumugam, S (1980). "Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka" (2 ed.). University of California: 37. OCLC8305376.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗22. ↑S. Vithiananthan (1980). _Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2_. p. 170
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed23. 1Tennent, James Emerson (1859). "The Northern Forests". _Ceylon; an account of the island physical, historical and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions_. London: Longman, Green; Longman, Roberts. p.484. OCLC2975965. The districts at the southern extremity of Batticaloa, _Pannoa_ and _Pannaham_ are so called from the two Tamil words _palen-nagai_, the smiling babe.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗24. ↑Romesh Chunder Dutt (2001). A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed25. ↑Ajay Mitra Shastri (1969). _India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira_, p.109. "Gonarda could be a rendering of Ko-Natha, Go-Natha, or Go-Nadu. Gonarda (IX.13; XXXII.22), a locality in the southern division (XIV. 12) as mentioned in the Brihat-Samhita of Varāhamihira. The Markandeya Purana (LVIII.20-9) also mentions Gonarda among the countries of southern India."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed26. ↑Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, pp. 80–81
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed27. 1Prematilleka, Leelananda; Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1990). _Perspectives in archaeology: Leelananda Prematilleke festschrift_. p.96. Queyroz compares Koneswaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, Kanchipuram, Tirupatti, Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed28. ↑On palaeographical and other considerations this epigraphic record could be assigned to the late 10th or early 11th century. It records a grant of 250 veli of land on the coast, to the shrine of Nilakanta Mahadevar at Matsyakesvaram on Konaparvatam of Tirukonamalai for conducting daily worship and rituals. Nittavinotapuram, Patiyana Aipolilpattinam, Makalana, Vikkiramacalamekapuram, Matottamana Iramakulavallip pattinam are some of the merchant towns where archaeological remains of monuments datable to the period of Chola administration have been found.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed29. ↑P. P. Vaidyalinga Desicar (ed.), Daksinakailasapuranam, Jaffna, 1916, Tirunakaraccurukkam, vv. 31–34, p. 68
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed30. ↑A Sanrnugaratna Ayyar ed., Tirukkonasalapuranam, Jaffna, 1909, Avaiyadakkarn, p. 6
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed31. ↑Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming (1893). Two happy years in Ceylon. pp. 295
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed32. ↑Jonathan Forbes, George Turnour. (1840). _Eleven years in Ceylon: Comprising sketches of the field sports and natural history of that colony, and an account of its history and antiquities_. p. 44
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed33. 1Dr. Paul E. Pieris declared in 1917, at a meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch), there was in Lanka five recognized 'Eeswarams' of Siva, which claimed and received adoration of all India. These were Tiruketheeswaram near Mahathitha, Munneswaram, Thondeswaram, Tirukoneswaram and Naguleswaram. _Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch)_
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed34. ↑João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, João Baptista Lavanha. _Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto_, Volume 13.: Asia de Diogo de Coto. pp. 31
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed35. 1Pathmanathan 2006, pp.58
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed36. ↑. _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗37. ↑Hutchins, Robert M. (1 January 1974). _The New Encyclopædia Britannica_. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN9780852292907.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗38. ↑Frank Moore Colby, Talcott Williams. (1923). The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 22. pp. 476
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed39. ↑The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 27 (2002). pp. 112
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed40. 1Pathmanathan 2006, p.83
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed41. ↑Pieris, Paulus Edward (1983). _Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1_. Vol.1. Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo. p.209. OCLC12552979.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗42. 1Clarke, Arthur C. (1957). _The Reefs of Taprobane; Underwater Adventures around Ceylon_. New York: Harper. ISBN0-7434-4502-3.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed43. ↑"Listen as I now recount the isle of Tamraparni, gemmed upon the ocean. The gods underwent austerities there, in a desire to attain greatness. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna. Then one should go to Gokarna, renowned in the three worlds. O Indra among kings! It is in the middle of the ocean and is worshipped by all the worlds. Brahma, the Devas, the rishis, the ascetics, the bhutas (spirits or ghosts), the yakshas, the pishachas, the kinnaras, the great nagas, the siddhas, the charanas, the gandharvas, humans, the pannagas, rivers ocean and mountains worship Uma's consort there". Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47, 99
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed44. 1In a 12th-century commentary on lines 593 and 594 of _Orbis descriptio_, Eustathius of Thessalonica describes the temple as the _Coliadis Veneris Templum, Taprobana_ – Eustathius (archevêque de Thessalonique) _Commentarii in Dionysium Periegetam_. pp. 327–329
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed45. 1Dionysius Periegetes. _Dionysii Orbis terrae descriptio_. pp.153–154 – Dionysius Periegetes also describes the Chola promontory to Venus of Taprobana as being a promontory to the extreme of the Ganges river of Ceylon (the Mavilli Gangai), served by the ocean below.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed46. 1Schalk, Peter (2002). "Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period". _Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis_. 19–20. Uppsala University: 159, 503.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed47. ↑Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (1994). "Tamils and the meaning of history". _Contemporary South Asia_. **3** (1). Routledge: 3–23. doi:10.1080/09584939408719724.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗48. ↑Pillay, K. (1963). "South India and Ceylon". University of Madras. OCLC250247191. The Tamil stone inscription _Konesar Kalvettu_ details King Kulakottan's involvement in the restoration of Koneswaram temple in 438 A.D.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗49. 1Sivaratnam, C (1968). "Tamils in early Ceylon". OCLC248358279. As for cultivators he got fifty one tribes of Vanniyars, a caste of agriculture experts from the Pandyan coasts... on the invitation of Kulakoddan in c 493 for the noble purpose of cultivating the land at Tambalakamam.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗50. ↑Arumugam, S (1980). "The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka". Colombo. OCLC10020492. Kulakottan also paid special attention to agricultural practice and economic development, the effects of which made the Vanni region to flourish; temples were cared for and regular worship instituted at these,
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗51. 1Taksina Kailacapuranam,(tkp): Tirunakarac Carukkam, Vv 28–29., 52–89. Temples of Siva in Sri Lanka, Chinmaya Mission of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 1999, p. 19.; Tkp: Tirunakarac Carukkam.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed52. 1Rasanayagam, M.C. (1926). _Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the Portuguese period_. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993). p.378. OCLC249907591.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗53. 1Robert Fellowes; Robert Knox. The history of Ceylon: from the earliest period to the year MDCCCXV 1815: with characteristic details of the religion, laws, & manners of the people and a collection of their moral maxims & ancient proverbs. (1815). pp. 193
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed54. ↑Pathmanathan 2006, pp.62
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed55. ↑Ismail, Marina (1995). _Early settlements in northern Sri lanka_. New Delhi: Navrang. ISBN978-81-7013-137-3. OCLC243878815. In the sixth century CE there was a coastal route by boat from the Jaffna peninsula in the north, southwards to Trincomalee, especially to the religious centre of Koneswaram, and further onwards to Batticaloa and the religious centre of Tirukovil, along the eastern coast. Along this route there were a few small trading settlements such as Mullativu on the north coast.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗56. ↑Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). _The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE_. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p.230. ISBN978-955-1266-72-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed57. ↑Raghavan, M.D. (1971). _Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction_. Colombo: Colombo: Kalai Nilayam. p.233. OCLC453189836. The earliest mention of the shrine is in the hymns of Thirugnana sambandar who sings of "Konamamalai, and of the peerless God, who dwelled on Konamamalai, to the sound of roaring ocean, and rows of Kalal and the anklets, and half of whose body is shared by the Maid of the Mountains..."`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗58. ↑Arumugam, S (1980). "The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka". Colombo: 106. OCLC10020492.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗59. ↑Varadachari, K.C. _Journal of the Sri Venkatesvara Oriental Institute_. **3**. Sri Venkateswara University, University of California: 64. OCLC52321640.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗60. 1Navaratnam, C.S. (1964). _A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon_. Jaffna. pp.43–47. OCLC6832704.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗61. ↑Singhal, Damodhar P. (1969). _India and world civilization_. Vol.2. University of Michigan Press. OCLC54202._page needed_
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗62. ↑Humphrey William Codrington. _Short History of Ceylon_. pp. 36
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed63. ↑Sachindra Kumar Maity. _Masterpieces of Pallava Art_. pp.4
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed64. ↑_Journal of Tamil studies_. Tamil Nadu: International Association of Tamil Research, International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1980. p.33. ISSN0022-4855. OCLC1773647.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗65. ↑Pathmanathan, S. (1978). "The Kingdom of Jaffna". **1**. University of London/Colombo: Arul M. Rajendran: 56. OCLC6530926. The Nilaveli inscription describes the land grant of 250 veli _on the coast_ to the Maccakesvaram (another name for Koneswaram) temple of Konaparvatam, Konamamalai from the localities Urakirikamam, Kirikanta and Kirikamam to the shrine of Nilakanta Mahadeva
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗66. ↑Chola-era inscriptions record the activities of Tamil mercantile communities in Padavikulam. The mercantile groups referred to were the Ticai Aayirattu Ain Nurruvar (Velupillai, Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions, 1971) and the Ayyavole. Taniyappan, a merchant from Padavikulam, laid a foundation stone for a Siva temple there. A Tamil inscription by Raja Raja Chola refers to Ravi Kulamanikkeswaram Siva Temple in Padavikulam. (K. Indrapala, Epigraphia Tamilica, Jaffna Archeological Society, 1971– page 34). A 13th-century Sanskrit inscription excavated here mentions a Brahmin village in the area. The paddy fields of Padavikulam were watered by the Per Aru river.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed67. ↑Abraham, Meera (1988). Two medieval merchant guilds of south India. pp. 132
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed68. ↑S. Vithiananthan (1980). _Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2_. pp. 32
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed69. ↑George Woolley Spencer (1983). _The politics of expansion: the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya_. pp. 61
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed70. 1Pathmanathan 2006_page needed_: As with the Nilaveli inscription, the Manankeni inscription describes Maccakesvaram (Koneswaram) of Konamamalai, mentioning that it is under the administration of Chola Ilankesvarar Deva in one of his regnal years. Both inscriptions show that Koneswaram was patronized by the Cholas.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed71. 1Indrapala, Karthigesu (1978). "Senarat Paranavitana commemoration volume: An Inscription of the tenth year of Cola Lankesvara Deva from Kantalai, Sri Lanka". _Studies in South Asian Culture_. **7**. Colombo: Leiden: 82. ISBN978-90-04-05455-4. OCLC185925405. Chola imperial prince Ilankesvarar Tevar was crowned by his relative Rajadhiraja Chola and served as an independent king.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗72. ↑Paranavitana, S. (1943). "A Tamil Inscription from Palamottai". _Ephigraphia Zeylanica_. **4**. Oxford University Press.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed73. ↑de Silva, K. M.; Ray, C.M. (1959–1973). _History of Ceylon_. Colombo: Ceylon University Press. p.112. OCLC952216. The inscription, found in the Hindu temple premises dates the landing of _Chodaganga Deva_ at _Gokaranna_ to Friday 14th April, 1223 A.D. (recorded as Saka Era Year 1145), and details donations this royal made to Konamamalai temple
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗74. ↑TamilNet. "TamilNet".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗75. ↑Pathmanathan, S. (1978). "The Kingdom of Jaffna". **1**. University of London/Colombo: Arul M. Rajendran: 267. OCLC6530926. Tamil stone inscription inedited on the stone pillar in Kankuveli are grant records made by the chieftain Malaiyil Vanniyanar and the Eluril Atappar (Atappar of the seven villages) to the shrine of _Konanayakar of Kona -ma malai._
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗76. ↑Pieris, Paulus Edward (1983). _Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1_. Vol.1. Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo. p.262. OCLC12552979.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗77. 1Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 366.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed78. ↑Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", Vol. II, p. 366.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed79. ↑Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 458.; Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. III, p. 51.: Later, another decree of the same bishop of Cochin dated 11 November 1622, tracing that one indicated in 1602, entrusted newly to the Jesuits the spiritual cure in the districts of Jaffna, Trincomalee and Batticaloa, giving to them possibility to build churches, to train the sacraments and to convert the souls. The Jesuits would follow the Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee and Batticaloa when they occupied the two localities.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed80. ↑Barner Jensen, U. "Danish East India. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. 11–12; Holden Furber "Imperi rivali nei mercati d'oriente, 1600–1800", note n° 66, p. 326: "Senarat of Kandy sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove Giedde."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed81. ↑Gnanaprakasar, S. _A critical history of Jaffna_, pp. 153–72.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed82. ↑"Portuguese Colonial Period (1505–645 CE)". _Rohan Titus_. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗83. ↑de Silva, K. M.; Ray, C.M. (1959–1973). _History of Ceylon_. Colombo: Ceylon University Press. p.112. OCLC952216.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗84. 1Pathmanathan 2006, p.102
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed85. 1Ramachandran 2004, pp.86–88
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed86. 1"Tamil culture". _Tamil Literature Society_. **2–3**. Tuticorin, South India: 191. 1953. OCLC191253653.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗87. ↑Jacob Burnand. _Memoir_
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed88. ↑Laurie, James; Balbi, Adriano (1842). _System of universal geography: founded on the works of Malte-Brun and Balbi: embracing a historical sketch of the progress of geographical discovery .._. Edinburgh: A. and C. Black, 1842. p.739. OCLC84178282. The rocky promontory occupied by the fort is dedicated to Siva, in his character of Eiswara, and is held by his votaries in great veneration.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗89. ↑Jewitt Robinson, Edward (1867). _Hindu pastors: a memorial_. London: Wesleyan Conference Office. pp.18–19. OCLC4169794.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗90. ↑Long, George (1843). _Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge_. Vol.25. London: C. Knight 1846–1851. p.238. OCLC46987946. A pagoda, dedicated to Siva, formerly stood on a rocky summit of the peninsula, and the spot is still held sacred by Hindus.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗91. ↑Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). _The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE_. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p.308. ISBN978-955-1266-72-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed92. ↑"Expedition in the waters of Ceylon". _Science Digest_. **57**. Chicago: 142. 1965. ISSN0036-8296. OCLC1624458. One of the major achievements in Ceylon was the discovery of the ruins of the sunken Konesar Temple, which as located with the wrecked treasure ship...
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗93. ↑D. C. Sircar. (1998). The Sakta Pithas. pp. 39, 41, 89
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed94. ↑The Astadasa (18) make separate mention of Lanka (Ceylon) and Simhala Dvipa– the name of the Bhairava– Raksasesvara– strongly suggests Lanka is identical with Ceylon/Eela Nadu
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed95. ↑"The photographs of Koneswaram Temple in Trincomalee, August 2018". _Independent Travellers_. independent-travellers.com. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗96. 1"Koneswaram temple Chariot festival held". _TamilNet_. 10 April 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗97. ↑"Koneswaram water-cutting festival held". _TamilNet_. 12 April 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗98. ↑"Historic Trincomalee Koneswaram temple annual festival begins". _TamilNet_. 29 March 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗99. ↑"Lord Konesar procession begins in Trincomalee town". _TamilNet_. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗100. ↑"Lord Konesar three-day procession concludes". _TamilNet_. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗101. ↑K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, _A History of South India_, pp 424–426
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed102. ↑Karen Schreitmuller (2012). _Baedeker India_, pp. 90
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed103. ↑"Scommesse come i professionisti".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗104. ↑Peiris, Kamalika (31 July 2009). "Ancient and medieval Hindu temples in Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗105. ↑"Standing sentinel". _Sunday Observer_. Lakehouse Publishing House. 23 January 2005. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗106. ↑"Tamil culture". _Tamil Literature Society_. **2–3**: 189–191. 1953.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed107. ↑Wilson, Jeyaratnam (1975). _Electoral politics in an emergent state: the Ceylon general election of May 1970_. Cambridge University Press. p.215. ISBN0-521-20429-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed108. ↑Phadnis, Urmila (1976). _Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka_. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p.364. ISBN0-903983-52-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed109. ↑Wilson, Jayaratnam (1999). _Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism_. UBC Press. p.99. ISBN0-7748-0759-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed110. ↑Wilson, Jayaratnam (1994). _S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, 1947–1977: a political biography_. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p.110. ISBN978-1-85065-130-7.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed111. ↑Sabaratnam, T (2004). "Pirapaharan:Tamil blood boils". Retrieved 25 November 2010.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗112. ↑TamilNet. "TamilNet".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗113. ↑TamilNet. "TamilNet".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). _The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE_. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. ISBN978-955-1266-72-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Pathmanathan, Sivasubramaniam (2006). _Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka_. Kumaran Book House. ISBN955-9429-91-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Bastin, Rohan (December 2002), _The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka_, Berghahn Books, ISBN1-57181-252-0, OCLC50028737
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗* Wilson, Jeyaratnam (1975). _Electoral politics in an emergent state: the Ceylon general election of May 1970_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-20429-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Phadnis, Urmila (1976). _Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka_. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. ISBN0-903983-52-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
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