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Khalji dynasty of Bengal
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1. ↑Despite Ali Mardan also claiming the title of _Sultan_, his rule was considered illegitimate by the Khalji nobles themselves which was the reason for his assassination.23
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed1. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.37, 147. ISBN0226742210. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗2. 1_Know Your State West Bengal_. Arihant Experts. 2019. p.15. Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed3. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)_. p.226. Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part – Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed4. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)_. p.226. Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part – Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal .
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed5. ↑_Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor_. London, Hutchinson. 1910. p.169.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗6. ↑Khan, Yusuf Husain (1971). _Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period)_. Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗7. ↑Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018). _An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-107-11162-2. In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗8. ↑Satish Chandra (2007). _History of Medieval India:800-1700_. Orient Longman. p.93. ISBN978-81-250-3226-7. The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗9. ↑Wink, Andre (2020). _The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE_. Cambridge University. p.63. ISBN9781108284752.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗10. ↑"ḴALAJ i. TRIBE".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗11. ↑"Ḵalaj i. Tribe – Encyclopaedia Iranica". _iranicaonline.org_. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗12. ↑Rezakhani, Khodadad (15 March 2017). _ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity_. Edinburgh University Press. p.165. ISBN978-1-4744-0030-5. A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the surviv
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗13. ↑Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava 1966, p.98: "His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed14. ↑Abraham Eraly (2015). _The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate_. Penguin Books. p.126. ISBN978-93-5118-658-8. "The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗15. ↑Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). _History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D._ Atlantic. p.28. ISBN81-269-0123-3. "The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗16. ↑_The New Cambridge History of Islam_ (Volume 3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN9781316184363.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗17. ↑Wink, André (2020). _The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE_. Cambridge University Press. p.80. ISBN9781108417747.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗18. ↑Wink, André (1991). _Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World_ (Volume 2 ed.). E.J. Brill. p.116. ISBN9004102361.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗19. ↑_Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages_. Oxford University Press. 2021. p.469. ISBN9780191077432.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗20. ↑Minorsky, Vladimir (1978). _The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages_. Variorum Reprints. p.53. ISBN9780860780281.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed21. 1Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) First published 1948. _The History of Bengal_. Vol.II: Muslim Period, 1200–1757. Patna: Academica Asiatica. pp.3–8. OCLC924890.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗22. 1Minhāju-s Sirāj (1881). _Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām_. Bibliotheca Indica #78. Vol.1. Translated by Henry George Raverty. Calcutta, India: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington). p.548.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗23. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) First published 1948. _The History of Bengal_. Vol.II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p.3. OCLC924890. Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year... 1200 A.D.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗24. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) First published 1948. _The History of Bengal_. Vol.II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p.8. OCLC924890. Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗25. ↑Sen, Amulyachandra (1954). _Rajagriha and Nalanda_. Institute of Indology. Vol.4. Calcutta: Calcutta Institute of Indology, Indian Publicity Society. p.52. OCLC28533779.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗26. ↑Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Iwaz Khalji". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗27. ↑William John Gill; Henry Yule (9 September 2010). _The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah_. Cambridge University Press. p.43. ISBN978-1-108-01953-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗28. 1Salim, Gulam Hussain; tr. from Persian; Abdus Salam (1902). _Riyazu-s-Salatin: History of Bengal_. Asiatic Society, Baptist Mission Press. pp.69–73. all the Khilji nobles acknowledged him as their chief and paid homage to him.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗29. ↑Hussain, Delwar (2012). "History". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗30. ↑Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Embankment". _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗31. ↑Abdul Karim (2012). "Turks, The". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗32. ↑Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Military". _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗33. 1"Far East Kingdoms: South Asia". Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗34. ↑Habibullah, Abu Mohammed (1961). _The foundation of Muslim rule in India_. Central Book Depot.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗35. ↑Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Daulat Shah Bin Maudud". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗36. ↑Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Balka Khalji, Ikhtiyaruddin". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗37. 1Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). "Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji". _The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal_. Kube Publishing.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed38. 1Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf (2015). _Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494)_. Taylor & Francis. pp.64, 92. ISBN9781317587460.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed39. ↑Begum, Shabnam (1994). "Socio-political contact of Muslims with Bengal: Sultan Ghiasuddin Iwaz Khilji". _Bengal's contribution to Islamic studies during the 18th century_ (Thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p.13.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed40. ↑Abdul Karim (2012). "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗41. ↑Abdul Karim (2012). "Iranians, The". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗42. ↑Shanawaz, AKM (2012). "Inscriptions". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗43. ↑Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf (2011). "Sufism, Sheikhs and Khanqahs of Bengal". In Alam, Ishrat; Hussain, Syed Ijaz (eds.). _The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray_. pp.147–148.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed44. ↑Ahmed, Riffat; Khan, Khaled (16 December 2020). "Horses of Bakhtiyar". _Daily Asian Age Online_.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗45. ↑Akhtaruzzaman, Muhammad (2012). "Mahisantosh". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗46. 1Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. pp.115–117. ISBN978-0-691-18074-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗47. 1Goron, Stan; Goenka, J. P.; Robinson (numismatist.), Michael (2001). _The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh_. Munshiram Manoharlal. p.146. ISBN978-81-215-1010-3. Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse: legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗48. ↑Kundra, D. N.; Prakashan, Goyal Brothers (1 December 2019). _I.C.S.E. History & Civics for Class IX_. Goyal Brothers Prakashan. p.176. ISBN978-93-88676-77-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗49. ↑"Rukn al-Din 'Ali Mardan". _Classical Numismatic Group Coins_. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗50. ↑"Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad". _Classical Numismatic Group Coins_. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗51. ↑Roy, Atul Chandra (1986). _History of Bengal, Turko-Afghan Period_. Kalyani Publishers. p.59.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
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