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Hindu temple
207 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.
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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.
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1. 1_Nāgarī patrikā_ (in Hindi). Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā,. 1976.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗2. ↑Stella Kramrisch (1946). _The Hindu Temple_. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.135, context: 40–43, 110–114, 129–139 with footnotes. ISBN978-81-208-0223-0.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗3. ↑George Michell (1977). _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_. University of Chicago Press. pp.61–62. ISBN978-0-226-53230-1.;
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗4. 1Stella Kramrisch (1946). _The Hindu Temple_. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.19–43, 135–137, context: 129–144 with footnotes. ISBN978-81-208-0223-0.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗5. ↑Subhash Kak, "The axis and the perimeter of the temple." Kannada Vrinda Seminar Sangama 2005 held at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles on 19 November 2005.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed6. ↑Subhash Kak, "Time, space and structure in ancient India." Conference on Sindhu-Sarasvati Valley Civilization: A Reappraisal, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, 21 & 22 February 2009.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed7. ↑Stella Kramrisch, _The Hindu Temple_, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0222-3, pp. 346-357 and 423-424
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed8. ↑Klaus Klostermaier, "The Divine Presence in Space and Time – Murti, Tirtha, Kala"; in _A Survey of Hinduism_, ISBN978-0-7914-7082-4, State University of New York Press, pp. 268-277.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed9. ↑George Michell (1977). _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_. University of Chicago Press. pp.61–76. ISBN978-0-226-53230-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗10. 1Susan Lewandowski, "The Hindu Temple in South India", in _Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment_, Anthony D. King (Ed.), ISBN978-0710202345, Routledge, Chapter 4
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed11. ↑M.R. Bhat (1996), _Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira_, ISBN978-8120810600, Motilal Banarsidass
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed12. 1Burton Stein, "The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple", _The Journal of Asian Studies_, Vol. 19 (February 1960), pp. 163-76.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed13. ↑George Michell (1988), _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_, University of Chicago Press, ISBN978-0226532301, pp. 58-65.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed14. ↑Alice Boner (1990), _Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period_, ISBN978-8120807051, see Introduction and pp. 36-37.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed15. ↑Francis Ching et al., _A Global History of Architecture_, Wiley, ISBN978-0470402573, pp. 227-302.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed16. ↑Brad Olsen (2004), _Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations_, ISBN978-1888729108, pp. 117-119.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed17. ↑Paul Younger, _New Homelands: Hindu Communities_, ISBN978-0195391640, Oxford University Press
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed18. ↑Several books and journal articles have documented the effect on Hindu temples of Islam's arrival in South Asia and Southeast Asia:
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Annemarie Schimmel, _Islam in the Indian Subcontinent_, ISBN978-9004061170, Brill Academic, Chapter 1
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Robert W. Hefner, _Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia_, Princeton University Press, ISBN978-0691050461, pp. 28-29.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed19. ↑Frances Kai-Hwa Wang (28 July 2014). "World's Largest Hindu Temple Being Built in New Jersey". NBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗20. 1George Michell (1988), _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_, University of Chicago Press, ISBN978-0226532301, Chapter 1
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed21. ↑Subhash Kak, "Time, space and structure in ancient India." Conference on Sindhu-Sarasvati Valley Civilization: A Reappraisal, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, 21 & 22 February 2009. arXiv:0903.3252
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗22. ↑Kak, S. Early Indian architecture and art. Migration and Diffusion. vol.6, pp. 6-27 (2005)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed23. ↑Alain Daniélou (2001), _The Hindu Temple: Deification of Eroticism,_ translated from French to English by Ken Hurry, ISBN0-89281-854-9, pp. 101-127.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed24. ↑Samuel Parker (2010), "Ritual as a Mode of Production: Ethnoarchaeology and Creative Practice in Hindu Temple Arts", _South Asian Studies_, 26(1), pp. 31-57; Michael Rabe, "Secret Yantras and Erotic Display for Hindu Temples", (Editor: David White), ISBN978-8120817784, _Princeton University Readings in Religion_ (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers), Chapter 25, pp. 435-446.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed25. ↑Antonio Rigopoulos (1998). _Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and bums Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity_. State University of New York Press. pp.223–224, 243. ISBN978-0-7914-3696-7.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗26. ↑Alain Daniélou (2001). _The Hindu Temple: Deification of Eroticism_. Inner Traditions. pp.69–71. ISBN978-0-89281-854-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗27. ↑Pyong Gap Min, "Religion and Maintenance of Ethnicity among Immigrants – A Comparison of Indian Hindus and Korean Protestants", in _Immigrant Faiths_, Karen Leonard (Ed.), ISBN978-0759108165, Chapter 6, pp. 102-103.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed28. 1Susan Lewandowski, The Hindu Temple in South India, in Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, Anthony D. King (Editor), ISBN978-0710202345, Routledge, pp. 71-73.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed29. ↑"Hindu Temple – Vishva Hindu Parishad – Thailand". Retrieved 13 April 2021.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗30. ↑Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0222-3, page 4
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed31. ↑Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0222-3, page 5-6
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed32. 1BB Dutt (1925), _Town planning in Ancient India_ at Google Books, ISBN978-81-8205-487-5; See critical review by LD Barnett, _Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies_, Vol. 4, Issue 2, June 1926, pp. 391.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗33. 1Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2, ISBN81-208-0223-3
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed34. ↑Jack Hebner (2010), Architecture of the Vastu Sastra – According to Sacred Science, in Science of the Sacred (Editor: David Osborn), ISBN978-0557277247, pp. 85-92; N Lahiri (1996), Archaeological landscapes and textual images: a study of the sacred geography of late medieval Ballabgarh, _World Archaeology_, 28(2), pp. 244-264
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed35. ↑Susan Lewandowski (1984), Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, edited by Anthony D. King, Routledge, ISBN978-0710202345, Chapter 4
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed36. 1Sherri Silverman (2007), Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature, Gibbs Smith, Utah, ISBN978-1423601326
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed37. ↑G. D. Vasudev (2001), Vastu, Motilal Banarsidas, ISBN81-208-1605-6, pp. 74-92.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed38. ↑LD Barnett, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol 4, Issue 2, June 1926, pp. 391.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed39. 1Meister, Michael (1983). "Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples". _Artibus Asiae_. **44** (4): 266–296. doi:10.2307/3249613. JSTOR3249613.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗40. 1Alice Boner and Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (1966), _Silpa Prakasa Medieval Orissan Sanskrit Text on Temple Architecture_ at Google Books, E.J. Brill (Netherlands)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗41. ↑H. Daniel Smith (1963), Ed. Pāncarātra prasāda prasādhapam, A Pancaratra Text on Temple-Building, Syracuse: University of Rochester, OCLC68138877
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗42. ↑Mahanti and Mahanty (1995 Reprint), Śilpa Ratnākara, Orissa Akademi, OCLC42718271
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗43. ↑Sinha, Amita (1998). "Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras". _Journal of Cultural Geography_. **17** (2): 27–41. doi:10.1080/08873639809478319.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗44. ↑Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). "Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s". _South Asian Studies_. **13** (1): 87–97. doi:10.1080/02666030.1997.9628528.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗45. 1Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, (Jul. - Sep., 1958), pp. 224-230
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗46. ↑Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, OCLC71801033
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗47. 1Heather Elgood (2000), _Hinduism and the religious arts_, ISBN978-0304707393, Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 121-125.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed48. ↑H, Kern (1865), The Brhat Sanhita of Varaha-mihara, The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗49. 1Susan Lewandowski, _The Hindu Temple in South India, in Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment_, Anthony D. King (ed.), ISBN978-0710202345, Routledge, pp. 68-69.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed50. ↑The square is symbolic and has Vedic origins from the fire altar to Agni. The alignment along cardinal directions, similarly, is an extension of Vedic rituals of three fires. This symbolism is also found among Greek and other ancient civilizations, through the gnomon. In Hindu temple manuals, design plans are described with 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 up to 1024 squares; 1 pada is considered the simplest plan, as a seat for a hermit or devotee to sit and meditate on, or make offerings with the Vedic fire in front. The second design of 4 padas lacks the central core, and is also a meditative constructive. The 9-pada design has a sacred surrounded center, and is the template for the smallest temple. Older Hindu temple vastu-mandalas may use the 9- through 49-pada series, but 64 is considered the most sacred geometric grid in Hindu temples. It is also called _Manduka_, _Bhekapada_
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed51. ↑In addition to a square four-sided layout, the _Brhat Samhita_ also describes Vastu and mandala design principles based on a perfect triangle (3), hexagon (6), octagon (8) and hexadecagon (16) sided layouts, according to Stella Kramrisch.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed52. ↑Rian; et al. (2007). "Fractal geometry as the synthesis of Hindu cosmology in Kandariya Mahadev temple, Khajuraho". _Building and Environment_. **42** (12): 4093–4107. Bibcode:2007BuEnv..42.4093M. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.028.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗53. ↑Stella Kramrisch (1976), _The Hindu Temple_, Volume 1, ISBN81-208-0223-3
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed54. ↑Datta and Beynon (2011), "Early Connections: Reflections on the canonical lineage of Southeast Asian temples" 1 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, in _EAAC 2011: South of East Asia: Re-addressing East Asian Architecture and Urbanism: Proceedings of the East Asian Architectural Culture International Conference_, Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore, pp. 1-17
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗55. ↑V.S. Pramar, Some Evidence on the Wooden Origins of the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala,_Artibus Asiae_, Vol. 46, No. 4 (1985), pp. 305-311.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗56. ↑This concept has equivalence to the concept of Acintya, or Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, in Balinese Hindu temples; elsewhere it has been referred to as satcitananda
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed57. ↑Stella Kramrisch (1976), _The Hindu Temple_, Vol. 1, ISBN81-208-0223-3, p. 8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed58. 1Meister, Michael W. (March 2006). "Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur". _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_. **65** (1): 26–49. doi:10.2307/25068237. JSTOR25068237.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗59. 1Trivedi, K. (1989). "Hindu temples: models of a fractal universe." _The Visual Computer,_ 5(4), 243-258
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed60. ↑S. Bafna, "On the Idea of the Mandala as a Governing Device in Indian Architectural Tradition," _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 26-49
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed61. ↑Meister, Michael W. (April–June 1979). "Maṇḍala and Practice in Nāgara Architecture in North India". _Journal of the American Oriental Society_. **99** (2): 204–219. doi:10.2307/602657. JSTOR602657.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗62. ↑Stella Kramrisch, _The Hindu Temple_, Vol. 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0222-3, pp. 10-11.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed63. ↑George Michell (1988), _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_, University of Chicago Press, ISBN978-0226532301, pp. 21-22.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed64. ↑Edmund Leach, "The Gatekeepers of Heaven: Anthropological Aspects of Grandiose Architecture", _Journal of Anthropological Research_, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn 1983), pp. 243-264.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗65. ↑See:
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Julius J. Lipner, _Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices_, 2nd Edition, Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-45677-7, page 8;
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Lester Kurtz (Ed.), _Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict_, ISBN978-0123695031, Academic Press, 2008;
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed66. ↑Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, क्षैत्रज्ञ Jim Funderburk and Peter Scharf (2012);
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗67. ↑See the following two in Ewert Cousins's series on World Spirituality:
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Bhavasar and Kiem, "Spirituality and Health", in _Hindu Spirituality_, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989), ISBN0-8245-0755-X, Crossroads Publishing New York, pp. 319-337;
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* John Arapura, "Spirit and Spiritual Knowledge in the Upanishads", in _Hindu Spirituality_, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989), ISBN0-8245-0755-X, Crossroads Publishing New York, pp. 64-85.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed68. ↑Gavin Flood, _Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism_, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, ISBN978-90-04-17893-9, see Article on _Wisdom and Knowledge_, pp. 881-884.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed69. ↑Stella Kramrisch, _The Hindu Temple_, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0222-3, pp. 8-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed70. ↑Michael Rabe (1996), "Sexual Imagery on the 'Phantasmagorical Castles' at Khajuraho – The Artha of Temple Kama" 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, _International Journal of Tantric Studies_, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗71. 1E Leach, "The Gatekeepers of Heaven: Anthropological Aspects of Grandiose Architecture", _Journal of Anthropological Research_, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 249-250.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗72. ↑Mary Beth Heston, "Iconographic Themes of the Gopura of the Kailāsanātha Temple at Ellora", _Artibus Asiae_, Vol. 43, No. 3 (1981–1982), pp. 219-235.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed73. ↑E Leach, "The Gatekeepers of Heaven: Anthropological Aspects of Grandiose Architecture", _Journal of Anthropological Research_, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), p. 262.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗74. ↑ 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Cologne, Germany
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗75. 1Samuel Parker (1987), "Artistic practice and education in India: A historical overview", _Journal of Aesthetic Education_, pp. 123-141.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed76. ↑Coomaraswamy, Ananda (1928). "Indian Architectural Terms". _Journal of the American Oriental Society_. **48**: 269. doi:10.2307/593145. JSTOR593145.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗77. ↑Vatsyayana, Kamasutra I.3, Jayamangala
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed78. ↑Stella Kramrisch, _The Hindu Temple_, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0222-3, pp. 11.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed79. ↑Misra, R. N. (2011). "Silpis in Ancient India: Beyond their Ascribed Locus in Ancient Society". _Social Scientist_. **39** (7/8): 43–54.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed80. ↑Joshi (2013). "Boon of astronomy: Rituals and religious festivals in Odisha for a peaceful society". _International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences_. **3** (5): 162–176.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed81. 1George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press, ISBN978-0226532301, pages 58-60
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed82. ↑Hartmut Scharfe (2002), _From Temple schools to Universities_, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004125568, pages 166-193
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed83. ↑Heitzman, James (1987). "Temple Urbanism in Medieval South India". _The Journal of Asian Studies_. **46** (4). Cambridge University Press: 791–826, see Table 1 on p. 805 for an illustrative tabulated distribution. doi:10.2307/2057102. JSTOR2057102. S2CID154068714.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗84. ↑T Mahalingam (1951), _Economic life in the Vijayanagar Empire_, University of Madras, pp. 490-498.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed85. ↑Burton Stein (4 February 1961), The state, the temple and agriculture development, _The Economic Weekly Annual_, pp. 179-187.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed86. ↑Hinduja, Udit (4 December 2024). "Ancient Indian temples were like VCs. Today's economists should study history". _ThePrint_. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗87. 1George Michell (1977). _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_. University of Chicago Press. pp.58–59. ISBN978-0-226-53230-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗88. ↑Tippal, Er Bharat Singh (3 August 2021). _Dalits: Through the Ages_. K.K. Publications. p.161. ISBN9788178441184.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗89. ↑Paswan, Sanjay (2002). _Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India. 1: General study_. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p.83. ISBN9788178350318.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗90. ↑Rathod, Bharat (30 December 2022). _Dalit Academic Journeys: Stories of Caste, Exclusion and Assertion in Indian Higher Education_. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-000-80549-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗91. ↑See:
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Diana L. Eck (2000), "Negotiating Hindu Identities in the US", in Harold Coward, John R. Hinnells, and Raymond Brady Williams (Editors) – The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States, SUNY Press, ISBN978-0-7914-4509-9, 219–237
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed92. ↑John Guy and Jorrit Britschgi (2011), Wonder of the Age: Master Painters of India, 1100–1900, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN978-1588394309, page 19
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed93. ↑Saraju Rath (2012), Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India, Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004219007, pages ix, 158-168, 252-259
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed94. ↑Hartmut Scharfe (2002), _From Temple schools to Universities_, in Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004125568, pages 183-186
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed95. ↑Wayne A. Wiegand and Donald Davis (1994), Encyclopedia of Library History, Routledge, ISBN978-0824057879, page 350
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed96. ↑Hartmut Scharfe (2002), _From Temple schools to Universities_, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004125568, pages 169-171
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed97. ↑Hartmut Scharfe (2002), _From Temple schools to Universities_, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004125568, page 175
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed98. ↑D. Dayalan (1992). _Early Temples of Tamilnadu: Their Role in Socio-Economic Life (c. 550-925 CE)_. Harman. pp.202–203. ISBN978-81-85151-55-7.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗99. 1Hartmut Scharfe (2002), _From Temple schools to Universities_, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004125568, pages 173-174
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed100. 1Hartmut Scharfe (2002), _From Temple schools to Universities_, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004125568, page 176-182
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed101. 1Kenneth G. Zysk (1998). _Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery_. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.45–46. ISBN978-81-208-1528-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗102. ↑Michael Willis (2014). _The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods_. Cambridge University Press. p.106. ISBN978-1-107-46016-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗103. ↑George Michell (1977). _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_. University of Chicago Press. pp.59–60. ISBN978-0-226-53230-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗104. ↑Kapila Vatsyayan (1991). _Concepts of Space, Ancient and Modern_. Abhinav. pp.198–199. ISBN978-81-7017-252-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗105. ↑Fritz, John M; Michell, George (2016). _Hampi Vijayanagara_. Jaico. pp.61–63. ISBN978-81-8495-602-3.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed106. ↑Anila Verghese (2002). _Hampi_. Oxford University Press. pp.20, 33, 39. ISBN978-0-19-565433-2.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗107. 1Colleen Taylor Sen (2004). _Food Culture in India_. Greenwood. pp.126–127. ISBN978-0-313-32487-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗108. ↑Albertina Nugteren (2005). _Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India_. BRILL Academic. pp.412–413. ISBN90-04-14601-6.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗109. 1Meister, Michael W. (1981). "Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuān". _Archives of Asian Art_. **34**. University of Hawai'i Press: 56–73. JSTOR20111117.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗110. ↑Gary Tarr, Chronology and Development of the Chāḷukya Cave Temples, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 8 (1970), pp. 155-184.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed111. ↑Jutta Neubauer (1981), The Stepwells of Gujarat: in art-historical perspective, ISBN978-0391022843, see Introduction, Chapters 1 and 2.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed112. ↑Meister, Michael W. (1975–1976). "A Field Report on Temples at Kusuma". _Archives of Asian Art_. **29**. University of Hawai'i Press: 23–46. JSTOR20062576.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗113. 1Jutta Neubauer, "The stepwells of Gujarat", _India International Centre Quarterly_, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Summer 1999), pp. 75-80.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗114. ↑Rani-ki-vav at Patan, Gujarat, UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗115. 1"Would you like to Know These Amazing facts about Elephanta Caves". _Jagranjosh.com_. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗116. 1Gopinath Rao (1914), Elements of Hindu Iconography Madras, Cornell University Archives, pp. 17-39.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗117. ↑Jabaladarsana Upanishad 1.59
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗118. ↑Valmiki Ramayana, Ayodhya Khand, Canto 50, Verse 8
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed119. ↑J. L. Brockington (1998). _The Sanskrit Epics_. BRILL. pp.379–. ISBN90-04-10260-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗120. 1Michael Meister (1988), Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Oxford University Press, 0-691-04053-2, Chapter 1
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed121. ↑Subhash Kak, Early Indian Architecture and Art, Migration & Diffusion, Vol.6/Nr.23, pages 6-27, 2005.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed122. ↑Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple. University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1946.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed123. ↑Madho Sarup Vats (1952), The Gupta Temple at Deogarh, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 49-51 Plates 1-3
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗124. ↑Carmel Berkson; Wendy Doniger; George Michell (1999). _Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva_. Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint). pp.17–21. ISBN978-81-208-1284-0.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗125. ↑Banerji, New Light on the Gupta Temples at Deogarh, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol V (1963), pp. 37-49.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed126. ↑Saraswati, Temple Architecture in the Gupta Age, Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art, Vol VIII (1940), pp. 146-158.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed127. ↑Joanna Williams, The Art of Gupta India, Empire and Province, Princeton, 1982
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed128. ↑Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, History of Indian and Indonesian Art (New York, 1965 reprint), pp. 78-80.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed129. ↑Gary Tartakov, "The Beginning of Dravidian Temple Architecture in Stone", _Artibus Asiae_, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1980), pp. 39-99.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed130. ↑Michael Meister (Editor), Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture – South India 200 BCE to 1324 CE, University of Pennsylvania Press (1983), ISBN0-8122-7840-2
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed131. ↑Richard Eaton (5 January 2001), "Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim states", _Frontline_, pp. 70-77 (Archived by Columbia University)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗132. ↑See:
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Mark Jarzombek et al. (2010), _A Global History of Architecture_, Wiley, ISBN978-0470402573, Chapters and Sections: "1200 CE – Delhi through Qutb Minar"
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Ali Javid, _World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India_, Volume 1, ISBN978-0875864839, pp. 263. Quote - "The stones to construct the mosque were obtained by demolishing twenty seven Hindu and Jain temples."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed133. ↑See:
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0521543293, pp. 168
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed134. ↑Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). _The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais_. Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp.28–30.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗135. ↑"Goa Inquisition Anant Kakba Priolkar". _us.archive.org_.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗136. ↑madewithgoodness (9 December 2025). "Sacred Landscapes and Myths of Place: Negotiating Intersectionality in Colonial Goa". _Architecture, Culture, and Spirituality Forum (ACSF)_. Retrieved 12 June 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗137. ↑"Contesting Sacred Space in the Estado da India: Asserting Cultural Dominance over Religious Sites in Goa". _journals.openedition.org_. Retrieved 12 June 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗138. ↑Marc Gaborieau (1985), From Al-Beruni to Jinnah: idiom, ritual and ideology of the Hindu-Muslim confrontation in South Asia, Anthropology Today, 1(3), pp. 7-14.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗139. ↑Ellora Caves Cave 16 – Kailasha Hindu Temple, 8th century CE, UNESCO
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗140. ↑Venkataramanan, K. (17 November 2019). "What does the Places of Worship Act protect?". _The Hindu_. ISSN0971-751X. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗141. ↑"The Place of Worship(Special Provisions) Act, 1991". Government of India.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗142. ↑Rautray, Samanwaya (10 October 2002). "1991 central law precludes Ayodhya judgment setting precedent". _www.telegraphindia.com_.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗143. ↑Matthew Atmore Sherring (1868). _The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times_. Trübner & co. p.51.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗144. ↑Madhuri Desai (2007). _Resurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious Boundaries_. University of California, Berkeley. ISBN978-0-549-52839-5._permanent dead link_
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗145. ↑Richard Eaton (2000), Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Journal of Islamic Studies, 11(3), pp 283-319
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗146. ↑Robert Bradnock; Roma Bradnock (2000). _India Handbook_. McGraw-Hill. p.959. ISBN978-0-658-01151-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗147. ↑Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (2015). _Everyday Hinduism_. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp.87–99. ISBN978-1-4051-6021-6.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed148. ↑Werner, Karel (1994). _A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism_. Curzon Press. ISBN0-7007-1049-3.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed149. ↑Eck, Diana L. (2007). _Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India_. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p.3. ISBN978-81-208-3266-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗150. 1Narayanan, Vasudha. "The Hindu Tradition". In _A Concise Introduction to World Religions_, ed. Willard G. Oxtoby and Alan F. Segal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed151. ↑Bain, Keith, Pippa Bryun, and David Allardice. _Frommer's India_. 1st. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing, 2010, p. 75.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed152. ↑_Indonesia Handbook_, 3rd edition, ISBN978-1900949514, pp. 38.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed153. 1Adam Hardy (2007), The Temple Architecture of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN978-0470028278
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed154. ↑Williams, Raymond (2001). _Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism_. Cambridge University Press. pp.123–136. ISBN978-0-521-65422-7.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗155. ↑Pika Ghosh (2005), Temple to Love: Architecture and Devotion in Seventeenth-century Bengal, ISBN978-0253344878, Indiana University Press
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed156. ↑"Model art: Ancient temples of Odisha come alive in crafted stone miniatures". _The Financial Express_. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗157. ↑Dibishada Brajasundar Garnayak, Evolution of Temple Architecture in Orissa, Orissa Review, November 2007
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗158. ↑Padmaja Vijay Kamat, "Temple Economy in Goa: A Case Study", _The Macrotheme Review_ 2(5), Fall 2013, pp. 97-111.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗159. ↑Ching, Francis D.K.; et al. (2007). _A Global History of Architecture_. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p.762. ISBN978-0-471-26892-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗160. ↑Ching, Francis D.K. (1995). _A Visual Dictionary of Architecture_. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p.253. ISBN0-471-28451-3.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed161. ↑Michell, George (1988). _The Hindu Temple_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.151–153. ISBN0-226-53230-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed162. ↑. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗163. ↑Ram Raz, Henry Harkness (1834), _Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus_ at Google Books
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗164. ↑"Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam".
Consulted source in this editionSource / catalogue ↗165. ↑Sircar 1979, p.64.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed166. ↑Sastri 1970, pp.18–182.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed167. ↑earnmyvacation.com (30 May 2023). "A Journey Through the Most Beautiful South Indian Temples". _Earn My Vacation_. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗168. ↑Bhatt, Shiva (13 April 2018). "Major Hindu Temples In Nepal | Himalaya Parvat | Pashupatinath Temple". _Hindu Temples In Nepal_. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗169. ↑Stella Kramrisch, _The Hindu Temple_, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0222-3, pp. 170-172.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed170. ↑Kubo Sumiko, Geomorphology, Archaeo-stratigraphy, and 14C Ages of Sambor Prei Kuk Pre-Angkorean Site, Central Cambodia, BULLETIN of the Graduate School of Education of Waseda University (Japan), No.22, March 2012
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed171. ↑Taylor, K., & Altenburg, K. (2006). Cultural Landscapes in Asia‐Pacific: Potential for Filling World Heritage Gaps 1. International journal of heritage studies, 12(3), pages 267-282
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed172. ↑Degroot, V. M. Y. (2009). Candi, space and landscape: a study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains (Doctoral dissertation, Leiden Institute for Area Studies, SAS Indonesie, Faculty of Arts, Leiden University)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed173. ↑"Hindu Temple Tour". Retrieved 23 July 2019.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗174. ↑Kak, S. (2011) Space and order in Prambanan. In M. Gupta (ed.) From Beyond the Eastern Horizon: Essays in honour of Professor Lokesh Chandra. Aditya Prakashan, Delhi.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗175. ↑Prambanan Temple Compounds UNESCO world heritage site
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗176. ↑Brigitta Hauser-Schaublin (1993), Keraton and Temples in Bali, in Urban Symbolism (Editor: P. Nas), Brill Academic, ISBN978-9004098558
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed177. ↑Hildred Geertz, The Life of a Balinese Temple, ISBN978-0824825331, University of Hawaii Press
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed178. ↑My Son Sanctuary Vietnam, UNESCO World Heritage Site
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗179. ↑Ngô Vǎn Doanh (2006), _Champa: Ancient Towers_. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, Chapter 16.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed180. ↑Harley, Gail M. (2003). _Hindu and Sikh Faiths in America_. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN0-8160-4987-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed181. ↑Shivani Vora (28 October 2016). "In Line for Blessings and Sweets at Hindu Temple Canteen". _The New York Times_. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗182. ↑"Towering statue reaches temple in New Jersey ahead of Pran Pratishtha ceremony in India". Asian News International, syndicated via New Jersey Advance Media. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗183. ↑"The World's Southernmost and Northernmost Hindu Temples". _Hinduism Today_. 12 August 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗184. ↑ (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 August 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗185. ↑"Hindu Mandir Society Stockholm". Retrieved 26 August 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗186. ↑"Finland Eswarar Temple". Retrieved 26 August 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗187. ↑"World's largest Hindu temple outside India in modern era to be inaugurated on October 8 in New Jersey". _The Indian Express_. 25 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗188. ↑Sanskrit words for Temple Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Koeln University, Germany
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗189. ↑_Sākshātkāra_. Ma. Pra. Śāsana Sāhitya Parishad. 2010. p.102.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed190. ↑The word _ko_ in Tamil language also means _king_, and _kovil_ can also mean _king's house_.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed191. ↑Shackle, C. (1 January 1990). _Hindi and Urdu Since 1800: A Common Reader_. Heritage Publishers. ISBN9788170261629. Specifically Hindu cultural contexts such as the _pūjā_ 'worship' in the _mandir_ 'temple' will clearly generate a predominance of Sanskrit vocabulary in Urdu as well as Hindi usage.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed192. ↑Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, क्षेत्र "sacred spot, place of pilgrimage".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗193. ↑Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge, ISBN978-0415590389
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Kramrisch, Stella _Hindu Temple_, ISBN978-8120802223
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Meister, Michael W. _Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture_, ISBN978-0195615371
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Michell, George _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_, ISBN978-0226532301
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Sircar, D.C. (1979). _Some Epigraphical Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India_. Delhi: Shakti Malik. ISBN9788170170969.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
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