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Ghaznavids

165 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

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  1. 1. ↑"_Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability._"1

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  2. 2. ↑The Ghaznavids also claimed ancestry from the last Sasanian Shah, Yazdgerd III,7 but this was "a fictitious genealogy" they themselves had promulgated.8

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  3. 3. ↑The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...17

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  4. 4. ↑Kaushik Roy states Turkic nobles at Balkh chose Ismail as Emir.26

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  5. 5. ↑"The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India.

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  6. 6. ↑Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model.61

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  7. 7. ↑Firdawsi was writing his Shah-nama. One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty"62

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  8. 1. ↑Katouzian 2003, p.128.

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  9. 2. 1Raza 2014, p.224.

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  10. 3. 1Bosworth 1963, p.134.

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  11. 4. ↑Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006, p.223.

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  12. 5. ↑Taagepera 1997, p.496.

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  13. 6. ↑Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). _The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience_. Oxford University Press. pp.92–94. ISBN978-0-19-977311-4.

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  14. 7. ↑Peacock, A. C. S. (1 February 2013). _Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation_. Routledge. p.33. ISBN978-1-135-15369-4. The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III...

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  15. 8. ↑O'Kane, Bernard (2009). _The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art_. Persian Heritage Foundation. ISBN978-1-934283-16-5. a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated

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  16. 9. ↑

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  17. * "The Ghaznavids, **a Turkish state** in Afghanistan and Iran" in Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009). _Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire_. Infobase Publishing. p.516. ISBN978-1-4381-1025-7.

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  18. * "The **Turkic Ghaznavid Empire** came to a formal end." in Kwanten, Luc (1979). _Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500_. Leicester University Press. p.66. ISBN978-0-7185-1180-7.

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  19. * "The first of the **Turkic states** in the region was the Ghaznavid Empire, established in the last years of the tenth century." in Curtis, Glenn Eldon (1997). _Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies_. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p.388. ISBN978-0-8444-0938-2.

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  20. * "Ghaznavid Empire Ghaznavid (GHAZ-nah-vid): **Turkish empire**, comprising Afghanistan and parts of Iran..." in Goldschmidt, Arthur (1999). _A Concise History Of The Middle East_. Avalon Publishing. p.383. ISBN978-0-8133-3505-6.

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  21. * "The Muslim Afghan Ghaznavid Empire was the first of a number of Afghan and **Turkic powers** who, exploiting divisions among local Hindu rulers , established their hegemony in northern India." Spodek, Howard (2001). _The World's History: Combined Volume_. Prentice Hall. p.345. ISBN978-0-13-028257-6.

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  22. * "The first of the **Turkish states** that succeeded the Samanids – the Ghaznavids." Peacock, A. C. S.; Tor, D. G. (30 August 2017). _Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation_. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.xxii. ISBN978-0-85772-743-5.

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  23. 10. ↑Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (15 December 1988). "BARSḴĀN". _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Retrieved 5 September 2026.

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  24. 11. ↑Schlumberger, Daniel (1952). "Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar". _Syria_. **29** (3/4): 263 & 267. doi:10.3406/syria.1952.4789. ISSN0039-7946. JSTOR4390312.

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  25. 12. 1Bosworth 2006.

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  26. 13. ↑Frye, Richard N. (26 June 1975). "The Sāmānids". _The Cambridge History of Iran_. Vol.IV: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press. pp.156–157. ISBN978-0-521-20093-6.

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  27. 14. ↑Allegranzi, Viola (17 October 2015). "The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries)". _Eurasian Studies_. **13** (1–2): 29. doi:10.1163/24685623-12340003.

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  28. 15. ↑Daniel Schlumberger, Lashkari Bazar: une Résidence Royale Ghaznévide et Ghoride, Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique Française, XVIII (Paris: Boccard, 1978) vol. 1, plate 123

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  29. 16. ↑Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). "A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus". _Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia_. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 233, Fig 14.

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  30. 17. 1Levi & Sela 2010, p.83.

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  31. 18. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.4.

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  32. 19. ↑Asher & Talbot 2006, p.19.

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  33. 20. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.37.

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  34. 21. 1Bosworth 1963, p.38.

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  35. 22. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.39.

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  36. 23. 1Bosworth 1963, p.44.

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  37. 24. 1Bosworth 1963, p.42.

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  38. 25. 1Bosworth 1994, p.203.

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  39. 26. 1Roy 2015, p.88.

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  40. 27. 1Bosworth 1963, p.45.

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  41. 28. ↑Bosworth 1975, p.169.

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  42. 29. 1Kennedy 1986, p.301.

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  43. 30. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.224.

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  44. 31. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.225.

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  45. 32. 1Ahmad, Dr Aijaz (6 March 2022). _New Dimensions of Indian Historiography: Historical Facts and Hindutva Interpretation_. K.K. Publications. p.145.

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  46. 33. ↑Eaton 2019, p.29.

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  47. 34. ↑Grousset, René (1970). _The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia_. Rutgers University Press. p.146. ISBN978-0-8135-1304-1.

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  48. 35. ↑Sethi, R. R.; Saran, Parmatma; Bhandari, D. R. (1951). _The March of Indian History_. Ranjit Printers & Publishers. p.269.

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  49. 36. ↑Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (2003). _The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1_. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p.60. ISBN978-81-208-1994-8.

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  50. 37. ↑Mitra, Sisir Kumar (1977). _The Early Rulers of Khajur_ (Second Revised ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp.81–82. ISBN978-81-208-1997-9.

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  51. 38. ↑Yagnik & Sheth 2005, pp.39–40.

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  52. 39. ↑Thapar 2004, pp.36–37.

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  53. 40. ↑One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ghazni". _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Vol.11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.917–918.

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  54. 41. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.228.

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  55. 42. ↑Amirsoleimani 1999, p.243.

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  56. 43. ↑Spuler 1991, p.1051.

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  57. 44. ↑_Turks: a journey of a thousand years, 600-1600_. London: New York: Royal Academy of Arts; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Harry N. Abrams. 2005. p.386, item 37. ISBN978-1903973578. (...)The frontispiece depicts, on the right-hand side, a scene of textual transmission with scholars and scribes, culminating, on the left hand-side, in a scene of enthronement where the book is being presented. This pictorial juxtaposition of textual transmission and courtly patronage is replayed in Nasr Allah Munshi's introduction, where the patron of the translation, Bahram Shah, is praised and portrayed in an enthronement scene (fol.6a).

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  58. 45. ↑Allegranzi, Viola (17 October 2015). "The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries)". _Eurasian Studies_. **13** (1–2): 31. doi:10.1163/24685623-12340003. Nonetheless, later chronicles report that Ibrāhīm, during his fortyyear reign (451-92/1059-99), made alliances with the Saljuqs, thus establishing a second period of peace and prosperity, which probably lasted up to the reign of Masʿūd III (492-508/1099-1115).

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  59. 46. 1Bosworth, C. Edmund (31 August 2007). _Historic Cities of the Islamic World_. BRILL. p.299. ISBN978-90-474-2383-6.

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  60. 47. ↑Mohammad Habib (1981). K. A. Nizami (ed.). _Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib_. People's Publishing House. p.109.

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  61. 48. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One_. Har-Anand Publications. pp.19–20. ISBN978-81-241-1064-5.

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  62. 49. ↑Schwartzberg 1978, pp.32, 146.

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  63. 50. ↑Bosworth 1977, p.131.

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  64. 51. ↑Wink 2002, p.114.

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  65. 52. ↑Houtsma 1987, p.151.

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  66. 53. ↑Roy 2016, p.24.

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  67. 54. ↑Romila Thapar (2005). Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History. Verso. p. 40. ISBN978-1-84467-020-8.

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  68. 55. ↑"Ghaznavid panel fragment". _islamicart.museumwnf.org_. Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum.

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  69. 56. ↑"Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs". Metropolitan Museum of Art. p.144.

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  70. 57. ↑Bosworth 1963, pp.111–112.

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  71. 58. ↑Raza, S. Jabir (2012). "Indian Elephant Corps Under the Ghaznavids". _Proceedings of the Indian History Congress_. **73**: 212–222. ISSN2249-1937. JSTOR44156208.

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  72. 59. ↑Lewis 1992, p.205.

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  73. 60. 1Ziad 2006, p.294.

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  74. 61. 1Meisami 1999, p.143.

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  75. 62. ↑Spuler 1970, p.147.

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  76. 63. 1"Silver 1100s Afghanistan, Ghaznavid Period, 12th Century". _www.clevelandart.org_. Cleveland Museum of Art.

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  77. 64. ↑_Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art_. Cleveland, Ohio: The Museum. 1991. p.39. ISBN978-0-940717-00-8.

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  78. 65. ↑Durdu, Arslan (30 January 2025). "Gazneliler Dönemine Ait Pirinç Tepsi Üzerindeki Taht Sahnesi". _Turcology Research_ (82): 133. doi:10.62425/turcology.1498413. In the center of the tray, the figure of the sultan sits cross-legged on a throne and holds a goblet in his right hand. This is the traditional Turkish ruler's sitting posture. The goblet in the sultan's hand symbolizes world domination and immortality. The sultan figure depicted is probably one of the Ghaznavid sultans. The figures on the tray are placed in a certain hierarchical order. In this order, the main theme is the sultan seated on the throne. To the right and left of the sultan are high-ranking state officials. The hierarchical order is once again emphasized by ornamentation on the details of the cone, dress, and caftan of the state officials. Each of the state officials has different cones depending on their statu

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  79. 66. ↑. _Encyclopaedia Iranica_.

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  80. 67. ↑Rugiadi, Martina (2010). "The Ghaznavid Marble Architectural Decoration: An Overview". _MIT online publication (Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at MIT)_: Fig.5. On those slabs which had been spared by later iconoclastic obliteration of the faces, the somatic characteristics – rounded face with prominent cheek-bones – descend from the Central-Asian visual traditions (as for example in the paintings in Miran, 5-6th century); the apparent approximated execution of the faces might have been completed with the painted decoration. The clothes of the personages are mainly those of Central Asiatic origin usually referred to as Turkic, as the qabā'.

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  81. 68. ↑Allegranzi, Viola (17 October 2015). "The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries)". _Eurasian Studies_. **13** (1–2): 40, Plate VII.2. doi:10.1163/24685623-12340003.

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  82. 69. ↑Bosworth 1977, pp.75–77, 107–110.

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  83. 70. ↑Bosworth 1977, pp.127–128.

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  84. 71. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.44.

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  85. 72. ↑Sharlet 2011, p.46.

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  86. 73. ↑Rowson 1998, p.251.

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  87. 74. ↑Sharlet 2011, p.27.

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  88. 75. ↑Sharlet 2011, p.52.

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  89. 76. ↑Yarshater 1960, p.44.

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  90. 77. 1Spooner & Hanaway 2012, p.284.

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  91. 78. ↑Notghi & Sabri-Tabrizi 1994, p.244.

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  92. 79. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.132.

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  93. 80. ↑Ahmadi 2004, p.146.

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  94. 81. ↑Meisami 1993, p.247.

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  95. 82. ↑Poliakova 1984, p.241.

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  96. 83. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.4, "In this book I have discussed the Ghaznavids as a Turkish dynasty, of slave origin, who established themselves on the eastern margins of the Iranian world

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  97. 84. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.36.

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  98. 85. ↑Yarshater 2008.

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  99. 86. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.40.

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  100. 87. 1Bosworth 1996, p.297.

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  101. 88. ↑Alam, Nalini & Gaborieau 2000, p.24.

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  102. 89. ↑Khanbaghi 2016, p.201.

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  103. 90. ↑Eaton 2019, p.35.

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  104. 91. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.39.

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  105. 92. ↑Ralph Pinder-Wilson (2001) Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets, Iran, 39:1, 155-186, DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2001.11834389

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  106. 93. ↑. _Encyclopaedia Iranica_. Retrieved 21 December 2025.

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  107. 94. ↑Baer, Eva (1985). "Wider Aspects of Some Ghaznavid Bronzes". _Rivista degli studi orientali_. **59** (1/4): 1–15. ISSN0392-4866.

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  108. 95. ↑Raza, S. Jabir (1996). "Constructional Activity of the Ghaznavids". _Proceedings of the Indian History Congress_. **57**: 877–890. ISSN2249-1937.

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  109. 96. ↑Bosworth, B Edmund (1991). "Furrukhi's Elegy on the Mahmud of Ghazna". _Iran_. **29**: 43–49 – via JSTOR.

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  110. 97. ↑Allegranzi, Viola; Laviola, Valentina (31 December 2025), "CHAPTER NINE Stucco in the Architectural Decoration of the Ghaznavid Palace in Ghazni, Afghanistan, Eleventh–Twelfth Centuries", _Stucco in the Islamic World_, Edinburgh University Press, pp.175–196, ISBN978-1-3995-4355-2, retrieved 20 November 2025

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  111. 98. 1RUGIADI, MARTINA. "The Ghaznavid Marble Architectural Decoration: An Overview.1".

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  112. 99. ↑Adamec, Ludwig W.; Bombaci, Alessio (1968). "The Kufic Inscription in Persian Verses in the Court of the Royal Palace of Mas'ud III at Ghazni". _Oriens_. **21**: 458. doi:10.2307/1579952. ISSN0078-6527.

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  113. 100. ↑Khan 1949, pp.80–83

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  114. 101. ↑Bosworth, C. Edmund (2000). "Sistan and Its Local Histories". _Iranian Studies_. **33** (1/2 (Winter – Spring)): 37.

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  115. 102. ↑Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1958). _A History of Indian Civilization: Ancient and classical traditions_. Hind Kitabs. p.73.

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  116. 103. ↑Puri, B. N.; Das, M. N. (1 December 2003). _A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India_. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p.9. ISBN978-81-207-2508-9.

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  117. 104. ↑Bosworth 1977, pp.22–24.

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  118. 105. ↑Bosworth 1977, p.45.

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  119. 106. ↑Bosworth 1977, p.90.

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  120. 107. ↑Bosworth 1977, pp.93–95.

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  121. * Khan, Ghulam Mustafa (1949). "A History of Bahram Shah of Ghaznin". _Islamic Culture_. Vol.XXIII no. 1-4. Hyderabad: The Islamic Culture Board. pp.62–199.

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  122. * Ahmadi, Wali (2004). "The Institution of Persian Literature and the Genealogy of Bahar's "Stylistics"". _British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies_. **31** (2 (Nov.)). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.

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  123. * Alam, Muzaffar; Nalini, Françoise Delvoye; Gaborieau, Marc (2000). _The making of Indo-Persian Culture: Indian and French Studies_. Manohar Publishers & Distributors.

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  124. * Amirsoleimani, Soheila (1999). "Truths and Lies: Irony and Intrigue in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī: The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments". _Iranian Studies_. **32** (2, Spring). Taylor & Francis, Ltd. doi:10.1080/00210869908701955.

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  125. * Arjomand, Said Amir (2012). "Patrimonial state". In Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (eds.). _The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought_. Princeton University Press.

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  126. * Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). _India Before Europe_. Cambridge University Press.

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  127. * Bosworth, C.E. (1963). _The Ghaznavids: 994–1040_. Edinburgh University Press.

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  128. * Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids". _Iran_. **6**. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 33–44. doi:10.2307/4299599. JSTOR4299599.

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  129. * Bosworth, C.E. (1975). "The Early Ghaznavids". In Bosworth, C. E. (ed.). _The Cambridge History of Iran_. Vol.4. Cambridge University Press.

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  130. * Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1977). _The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay_. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN978-0-85224-315-2.

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  131. * Bosworth, C.E. (1994). "Rulers of Makrān and Quṣdār in the Early Islamic Period". _Studia Iranica_. **23** (2). Peeters Publishers: 199–209. doi:10.2143/SI.23.2.2014304.

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  132. * Bosworth, C.E. (1996). _The New Islamic Dynasties_. Columbia University Press.

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  133. * Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E., eds. (1998). _History of Civilizations of Central Asia_. Vol.IV, part 1:The historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO. ISBN978-92-3-103467-1.

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  134. * Bosworth, C.E. (2006). "Ghaznavids". _Encyclopaedia Iranica_.

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  135. * Eaton, Richard M. (2019). _India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765_. Penguin UK. ISBN978-0-14-196655-7.

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  136. * Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). _E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936_. Vol.2. BRILL. p.151. ISBN978-90-04-08265-6. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

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  137. * Katouzian, Homa (2003). _Iranian history and politics:The Dialectic of State and Society_. Routledge.

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  138. * Kennedy, Hugh (1986). _The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century_. Taylor & Francis.

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  139. * Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). _The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran_. Brill. pp.195–215.

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  140. * Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron, eds. (2010). _Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources_. Indiana University Press.

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  141. * Lewis, Bernard (1992). _The World of Islam_. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-27624-2.

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