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Durrani Empire

84 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

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  1. 1. ↑Kuhzad, 1950.

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  2. 2. ↑The flag on the top was used from 1747–1801, 1803–1809, and 1839–1842. The flag on the bottom was used during Humayun Shah's rebellion from 1793–1796,a and officially from 1801–1803 and 1809–1818, with its use continuing in Herat. From 1818–1823, the former flag continued to be used, but without the emblem.

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  3. 3. ↑Summer capital

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  4. 4. ↑Winter capital1

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  5. 5. ↑Dynastic, buraucratic, poetry4

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  6. 6. ↑Chancery, chief court language, historiographical works, diplomacy5

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  7. 7. ↑

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  8. 8. ↑"Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire was the greatest Muslim empire of the second half of the eighteenth century." Quoted from Dupree (1980), p.334.

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  9. 9. ↑"_Ghallughara_ is a Punjabi word meaning large scale massacre of people or carnage or holocaust. Two events in Sikh history are particularly known as _ghallugharas_. 1. Chhota Ghallughara

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  10. 1. ↑Hanifi 2011, p.185.

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  11. 2. 1Singh 2008, p.191.

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  12. 3. ↑Lee 1996, p.116.

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  13. 4. ↑Schimmel 1975, p.12.

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  14. 5. ↑Green 2019, p.42.

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  15. 6. ↑Archambault, Hannah (19 April 2023). "Afghan Circulations in the Persianate World, c. 1000–1800". _Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History_. Retrieved 16 October 2023.

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  16. 7. ↑Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud (15 August 2022). "Deciphering the History of Modern Afghanistan". _Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History_. Retrieved 16 October 2023.

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  17. 8. ↑"Afghanistan: Country Study". Library of Congress. August 2004. After Nadir Shah was assassinated in 1747, Ahmad Shah was elected by a tribal council (Jirga) and the kingdom which he established was basically basically a confederation of tribes rather than a centralized monarchy.

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  18. 9. ↑Bosin, Yury V. (2009). "Durrani empire, popular protests, 1747–1823". In Immanuel Ness (ed.). _International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest_. Blackwell Publishing. p.1029.

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  19. 10. ↑Noelle, Christine (1997). _State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)_. Routledge. p.15. ISBN9780700706297.

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  20. 11. ↑Tate, George P. (2009) 1911. _The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch_. BiblioBazaar. ISBN9781115584029.

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  21. 12. ↑Sabahuddin, Abdul (2008). _History of Afghanistan_. Global Vision Publishing House. ISBN9788182202467.

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  22. 13. ↑Huntington, Ellsworth (1907). "The Anglo-Russian Agreement as to Tibet, Afghanistan, and Persia". _Bulletin of the American Geographical Society_. **39** (11): 653–658.

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  23. 14. ↑Dupree, Louis; et al., eds. (2010). "Last Afghan empire". _Britannica.com_. Retrieved 20 January 2026.

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  24. 15. ↑Lee (1996), p.116.

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  25. 16. ↑Singh, Ganda (1959). _Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan_. Asia Publishing House. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.

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  26. 17. ↑Lee (1996), p.190.

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  27. 18. ↑Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2006). _Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran_. Universal-Publishers. p.164. ISBN9781581129335.

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  28. 19. ↑Malleson (1878), p.298.

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  29. 20. ↑Siddique, Abubakar (2014). _The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan_. Hurst. p.31. ISBN978-1-84904-292-5.

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  30. 21. ↑. _The World Factbook_ (2026 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 25 January 2026.

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  31. 22. ↑Balland, Daniel (2018) 1983. "Afghanistan: x. Political History". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_ (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.

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  32. 23. ↑Dupree (1980), p.333.

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  33. 24. ↑Runion (2017), p.69.

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  34. 25. ↑Newby (2005), p.34.

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  35. 26. ↑Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan; Baipakov, Karl M., eds. (2003). _History of civilizations of Central Asia_. Vol.5 - Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. p.75. ISBN9789231038761.

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  36. 27. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.715–6.

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  37. 28. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.716–7.

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  38. 29. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.717–8.

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  39. 30. ↑Eijk & Khan 2023, p.708.

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  40. 31. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.718–20.

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  41. 32. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.720–4.

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  42. 33. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.724–6.

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  43. 34. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.726–9.

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  44. 35. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.729–30.

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  45. 36. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.730–2.

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  46. 37. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), p.732.

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  47. 38. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), p.733.

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  48. 39. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), p.733-4.

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  49. 40. ↑Eijk & Khan 2023, p.734.

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  50. 41. ↑Eijk & Khan (2023), pp.734–5.

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  51. 42. ↑Newby (2005), p.43.

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  52. 43. ↑Ikram, S. Mohamad (1964). Embree, Ainslie T. (ed.). _Muslim Civilization in India_. Columbia University Press. pp. 254-76 (Ch. XIX - "A Century of Political Decline: 1707–1803").

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  53. 44. ↑Patil, Vishwas (2005). _Panipat_ (in Gujarati). Mumbaī: Navabhārata Sāhitya Mandira. OCLC57710656.

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  54. 45. ↑Roy (2004), pp.80–1.

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  55. 46. ↑Roy (2004), pp.84–94.

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  56. 47. ↑Chhabra, G.S. (2005). _Advance Study in the History of Modern India_. Vol.1 (1707–1803). Lotus Press. pp.29–47. ISBN9788189093068.

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  57. 48. ↑Runion (2017), p.71.

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  58. 49. ↑Dhavan, Purnima (2011). _When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799_. Oxford Univ. Press. p.112. ISBN9780199756551.

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  59. 50. ↑Singh, Khushwant (1978). _A History of the Sikhs_. Vol.I - 1469–1839. Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press. pp.144–5, 154.

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  60. 51. ↑Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). _The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time_. Kolkata: Central Press. p.282-3.

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  61. 52. ↑Reddy, L. R. (2002). _Inside Afghanistan: end of the Taliban era?_. APH Publishing. p.65. ISBN9788176483193.

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  62. 53. ↑Lee (2022), p.144.

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  63. 54. 1Lee (2022), p.145.

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  64. 55. 1Katib (2013), pp.55-6.

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  65. 56. ↑Katib (2013), pp.56-7.

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  66. 57. ↑Lee (2022), pp.162-3.

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  67. 58. ↑Lee (2022).

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  68. 59. ↑"History of Ancient Pakistan - Durrani Empire (c. 1747–1826 CE)". _The Land Of Pure People_. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2025.

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  69. 60. ↑Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1928). _The Panjab as a Sovereign State, 1799-1839_ (University of London, PhD thesis). Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons. pp.25-6.

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  70. 61. ↑. _State Bank of Pakistan Museum_.

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  71. 62. ↑Black, Jeremy (2012). Keegan, John (ed.). _War in the Eighteenth-Century World_ (eBook ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education. p.79. ISBN978-0230370005.

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  72. 63. ↑Gommans, Jos (2018). _The Indian Frontier: Horse and Warband in the Making of Empires_. Routledge. Ch. 6. ISBN9781032652597.

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  73. * Dupree, Louis (1980). _Afghanistan_. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN0691000239.

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  74. * Green, Nile (2019). "The Rise of New Imperial and National Languages (ca. 1800 – ca. 1930)". In Green, Nile (ed.). _The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca_. University of California Press. ISBN978-0520972100.

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  75. * Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud (2011). _Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier_. Stanford University Press. ISBN9780804777773. Retrieved 4 August 2012.

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  76. * Katib, Fayz Muhammad (2013) 1912. _The History Of Afghanistan (Sirāj Al Tawārīkh)_. Vol.1 - The Saduza’i Era 1747-1843. Translated by R.D. Mcchesney. Brill. ISBN9789004234925. Retrieved 21 January 2026.

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  77. * Lee, Jonathan L. (1996). _The Ancient Supremacy: Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901_ (illustrated ed.). Brill. ISBN9004103996. Retrieved 8 March 2013.

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  78. * Lee, Jonathan L. (2022). _Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present_. Reaktion Books. ISBN9781789145885. Retrieved 24 January 2026.

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  79. * Newby, Laura J. (2005). _The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860_. Brill. ISBN9789004145504.

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  80. * Roy, Kaushik (2004). _India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil_. Orient Blackswan. ISBN9788178241098.

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  81. * Runion, Meredith L. (2017). _The History of Afghanistan_ (2nd, illustrated ed.). Greenwood. ISBN9781610697774. Retrieved 25 January 2026.

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  82. * Singh, Sarina (2008). _Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway_. Lonely Planet. ISBN9781741045420. Retrieved 10 August 2012.

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  83. * Singha, H.S. (2005) 2000. "Ghallughara". _The Encyclopedia of Sikhism_. New Delhi: Hemkunt. ISBN8170103010.

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  84. * Tanner, Stephen (2002). _Afghanistan: a military history from Alexander the Great to the fall of the Taliban_. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN0-306-81164-2.

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