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Delhi Sultanate

289 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

The sourced dossier identifies which accounts support each published claim. Original-language editions, offline books and inaccessible articles remain marked for further assessment.

  1. Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the Catalan Atlas (c. 1375): in the Depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas

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  2. Kadoi, Yuka (2010). "On the Timurid flag". Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie. 2: 148. doi:10.29091/9783954909537/009. S2CID 263250872.

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  3. Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black Abbasid flag, and the red Ghurid flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion.Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning, the sultans had only two colours: on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left, they carried their colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-ud-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon.Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). "Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag". Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-11887-4., also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids a

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  4. Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147.

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  5. Schwartzberg 1978, p. 38.

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  6. Jackson 2003.

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  7. Schwartzberg 1978, p. 148.

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  8. Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4008-6815-5.

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  9. Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (2). Cambridge University Press: 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947. S2CID 146630389. Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540–1555) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).

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  10. "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India". asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

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  11. Jackson 2003, p. 28.

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  12. Size and Duration of Empires: Systematics of Size"

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  13. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires Archived 17 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222-223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.

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  14. Maddison (27 July 2016). "Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2023.

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  15. Shally-Jensen, Michael; Vivian, Anthony (2022). A Cultural Encyclopedia of Lost Cities and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4408-7311-9.

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  16. Delhi Sultanate, Encyclopædia Britannica

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  17. A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980

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  18. Chapman, Graham (2016) 1990. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire". In Chisholm, Michael; Smith, David M. (eds.). Shared Space - Divided Space: Essays on Conflict and Territorial Organization. Routledge. pp. 106–134. ISBN 978-1-317-35837-4.

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  19. Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). "Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy". Psychology Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-415-30786-4. It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhammad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later, in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim sultanate...

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  20. K. A. Nizami (1992). "A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)" (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 198.

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  21. Mahajan (2007). "History of Medieval India". Chand. p. 121. ISBN 9788121903646.

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  22. Sugata Bose, Ayesha Jalal (1998). "Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy". Psychology Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780415169523.

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  23. M.S. Ahluwalia (1999). "Rajput Muslim Relations (1200–1526 A.D.)". In Shyam Singh Ratnawat; Krishna Gopal Sharma (eds.). History and Culture of Rajasthan (From Earliest Times upto 1956 A.D.). Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. p. 135. OCLC 264960720. The Khaiji rule proved much stronger for the Rajput principalities

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  24. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15482-0, p. 187-190.

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  25. Smith 1920, Ch. 2, p. 218.

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  26. Asher & Talbot 2008, pp. 50–52.

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  27. Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7,

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  28. A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India", Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, p. 311-322.

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  29. J. A. Page, Guide to the Qutb, Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, p. 2-7.

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  30. Barua, Pradeep. The State at War in South Asia. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0803213449.

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  31. Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, ISBN 978-0691134840, Princeton University Press

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  32. "Delhi sultanate | History, Significance, Map, & Rulers | Britannica". britannica.com. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023. The Delhi sultanate made no break with the political traditions of the later Hindu period—namely, that rulers sought paramountcy rather than sovereignty. It never reduced Hindu chiefs to unarmed impotence or established an exclusive claim to allegiance. The sultan was served by a heterogeneous elite of Turks, Afghans, Khaljīs, and Hindu converts; he readily accepted Hindu officials and Hindu vassals. Threatened for long periods with Mongol invasion from the northwest and hampered by indifferent communications, the Delhi sultans perforce left a large discretion to their local governors and officials.

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  33. Gul and Khan (2008)"Growth and Development of Oriental Libraries in India", Library Philosophy and Practice, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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  34. Richard Eaton, Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India at Google Books, (2004)

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  35. Richard Eaton (September 2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3): 283–319. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283.

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  36. Jackson, Peter (2000). The Delhi Sultanate: a political and military history. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.

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  37. Ludden 2002, p. 67.

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  38. Asher & Talbot 2008, pp. 50–51.

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  39. Jackson 2003, p. 86.

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  40. Richard M. Frye, "Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Cultures in Central Asia", in Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, ed. Robert L. Canfield (Cambridge University Press, c. 1991), 35-53.

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  41. Asher & Talbot 2008, pp. 19, 50–51.

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  42. Schwartzberg 1978, pp. 37, 147.

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  43. Eaton 2020, p. 38.

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  44. See:

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  45. M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, ISBN 978-9004177581, Brill

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  46. The Islamic frontier in the East: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), p. 91–109

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  47. Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, ISBN 978-9004083417, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat

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  48. Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 19.

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  49. Jackson 2003, pp. 3–30.

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  50. Heathcote, T. A. (1995). "The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600–1947". Manchester University Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-7190-3570-8.

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  51. Barnett, Lionel D. (1999). "Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan". Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 73–79. ISBN 978-81-7156-442-2.

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  52. Davis, Richard H. (January 1994). "Three styles in looting India". History and Anthropology. 6 (4): 293–317. doi:10.1080/02757206.1994.9960832.

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  53. MUHAMMAD B. SAM Mu'izz AL-DIN, T.W. Haig, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E.van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993)

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  54. C.E. Bosworth, Tidge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), p 161-170

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  55. History of South Asia: A Chronological Outline Columbia University (2010)

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  56. Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām Encyclopædia Britannica (2011)

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  57. Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147, map XIV.3 (h).

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  58. Jackson P. (1990), The Mamlūk institution in early Muslim India, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 122(02), p. 340-358.

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  59. Nizami, K. A. (1992). "FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANAT". A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526). People's Publishing House. pp. 205–206. All contemporary and later chroniclers praise the qualities of loyalty, generosity, courage and justice in his character. His generosity won for him the sobriquet of lakhbaksh (giver of lakhs)

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  60. C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Columbia University Press (1996)

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  61. Barnett & Haig (1926), A review of History of Mediaeval India, from ad 647 to the Mughal Conquest – Ishwari Prasad, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 58(04), p. 780-783

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  62. Jackson 2003, pp. 29–48.

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  63. Anzalone, Christopher (2008), "Delhi Sultanate", in Ackermann, M. E. etc. (Editors), Encyclopedia of World History 2, ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4

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  64. "Qutub Minar". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

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  65. Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi UNESCO

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  66. Welch, Anthony; Crane, Howard (1983). "The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate" (PDF). Muqarnas. 1. Brill: 123–166. doi:10.2307/1523075. JSTOR 1523075. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

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  67. Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147, map XIV.3 (i).

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  68. Khan, Hussain Ahmad (2014). Artisans, Sufis, Shrines: Colonial Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Punjab. I.B.Tauris. p. 15. ISBN 9781784530143.

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  69. Yunus, Mohammad; Aradhana, Parmar (2003). South Asia: a historical narrative. Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-1957-9711-4. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

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  70. Kumar Mandal, Asim (2003). The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis. Indus Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-738-7143-6. Retrieved 19 November 2012.

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  71. Singh, D. (1998). The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis. APH Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-81-702-4992-4. Retrieved 19 November 2012.

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  72. Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-269-0123-4. Retrieved 23 August 2010. The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.

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  73. Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2. Retrieved 23 August 2010. The members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.

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  74. Srivastava 1929, p. 141.

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  75. A. B. M. Habibullah (1992) 1970. "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 312. OCLC 31870180.

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  76. Holt et al., The Cambridge History of Islam – The Indian sub-continent, south-east Asia, Africa and the Muslim west, ISBN 978-0521291378, p. 9-13

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  77. New Indian Antiquary - Volume 2. Karnatak Publishing House. 1939. p. 545. Alauddin gave the signal and in a twinkling Muhammad Salim of Samana struck

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  78. AL. P. Sharma (1987). History of medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.). TKonark Publishers. ISBN 9788122000429.

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  79. Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi (1972). "the Kotwals under the Sultans of Delhi". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress: 194. JSTOR 44145331. Nusrat Khan Jalesari who was the Kotwal in the first year of the Alai reign was an Indian Muslim

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  80. "The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji". Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1992. ISBN 9788171563623. the Sultan appointed his Wazir Nusrat Khan to deal with the Jalali nobles

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  81. Fauja Singh (1972). History of the Punjab - A.D. 1000–1526. p. 150.

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  82. Satish Chandra (2004). "Medieval India - From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) - Part One". Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110645.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  83. Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, ISBN 978-1598843361, p. 62-63

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  84. Rene Grousset – Empire of steppes, Chagatai Khanate; Rutgers Univ Press, New Jersey, 1988 ISBN 0-8135-1304-9

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  85. "Gujarat State Gazetteer: Part 1". 1989. p. 164.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  86. Frank Fanselow (1989), Muslim society in Tamil Nadu (India): a historical perspective, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 10(1), p. 264-289

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  87. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15482-0

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  88. Srivastava 1929, pp. 156–158

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  89. M.A. Farooqi (1991), The economic policy of the Sultans of Delhi, Konark publishers, ISBN 978-8122002263

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  90. Jackson 2003, pp. 244–248.

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  91. Smith 1920, pp. 231–235.

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  92. Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147, map XIV.3 (j).

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  93. ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). "Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" (PDF). Muqarnas. 28: 231. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 23350289. Muhammad Tughluq and his successors were contemporaries of the Jalayirid sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol

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  94. Jamal Malik (2008). "Islam in South Asia: A Short History". Brill Publishers. p. 104. ISBN 978-9004168596.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  95. "Eight Cities of Delhi: Tughlakabad". Delhi Tourism.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  96. Siddiqui (1980). "The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement, Parts 1-2". Brill Archive. p. 105. ISBN 9004061673.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  97. Smith 1920, pp. 236–242.

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  98. Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, The History of India as Told by Its Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  99. Muḥammad ibn Tughluq Encyclopædia Britannica

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  100. ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). "Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" (PDF). Muqarnas. 28: 230, 258 Fig.56. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 23350289.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  101. Ray 2019, p. 115: "The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals – Delhi and Daulatabad."

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  102. Carl W. Ernst (1992). Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438402123.

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  103. Ray 2019, p. 115.

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  104. Ray 2019, p. 115: "The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan."

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  105. P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (1977). "The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2A". Cambridge University Press. p. 15.

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  106. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, (Routledge, 1986), 188.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  107. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97

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  108. Chandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. p. 101-102. ISBN 978-8124105221.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  109. Elphinstone, Mountstuart (2014). "History Of India". Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78289-478-0.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  110. "A Compendium of the History of India: With a Synopsis of the Principal Events". Gantz Bros. 1870. p. 37.

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  111. Smith 1920, pp. 242–248.

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  112. Cornelius Walford (1878), The Famines of the World: Past and Present, p. 3, at Google Books, p. 9-10

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  113. Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, ISBN 978-0816083626, p. 70-72;

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  114. Raj Kumar (2003). "Essays on Medieval India". Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. ISBN 9788171416837.

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  115. Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Devin J. Stewart (January 2018). "Jalal al-Din Ahsan".

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  116. M. S. Nagaraja Rao (1987). "Kusumāñjali: New Interpretation of Indian Art & Culture: Sh. C. Sivaramamurti Commemoration Volume · Volume 2".

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  117. Suvorova (2000). "Masnavi". Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-579148-8.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  118. Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). "Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom". Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60.

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  119. Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). "Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama". p. 140.

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  120. McKibben, William Jeffrey (1994). "The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq". Ars Orientalis. 24: 105–118. JSTOR 4629462.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  121. HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), Tarikh I Firozi Shahi – Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj The History of India as told by its historians, Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, p. 352-353

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  122. Prinsep, J. (1837). "Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith". Journal of the Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 600–609.

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  123. Mehta (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India - Volume 2. p. 225. Khan-i-Jahan was a Brahmin from Telangana whose original name was Kattu or Kannu. Kannu was brought a captive to Delhi, where he embraced Islam and was given the name of Maqbul. No wonder Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul and his family made a great contribution towards the initial administrative achievements of Sultan Firuz Tughlaq; the peace and prosperity of his reign during the first two decades are unintelligible unless the services rendered by Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul to the throne are taken into consideration.

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  124. Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). "Historical Dictionary of Medieval India". Scarecrow Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780810864016.

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  125. Firoz Shah Tughlak, Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  126. Smith 1920, pp. 249–251.

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  127. Firoz Shah Tughlak, Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Autobiographical memoirs, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives, p. 377-381.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  128. Dasgupta, Ajit K. (2002). "A History of Indian Economic Thought". Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-134-92551-3.

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  129. Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu Brahmins from the jizya.

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  130. Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, ISBN 978-9004061170, Brill Academic, p. 20-23

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  131. Kumar, Praveen. "Complete Indian History for IAS Exam Highly Recommended for IAS, PCS and other Competitive Exam". p. 219.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  132. André Wink (2020). "The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: C. 700–1800 CE". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108417747.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  133. Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003). "A Military History of Medieval India". Vision Books. p. 247. ISBN 9788170945253.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  134. Debajyoti Burman (1947). "Indo-Muslim Relations: A Study in Historical Background". Jugabani Sahitya Chakra. p. 36.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  135. Dr. Aijaz Ahmad (2021). "History of Mewat". Alina Books. p. 112. ISBN 9788193391426.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  136. "Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India Issues 52-54". Archaeological Survey of India. 1937. p. 19. The old Firoz Shahi slaves, however, turned against Abu Bakr, who fled, and on their invitation Sultan Muhammad entered the city and took

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  137. Āg̲h̲ā Mahdī Ḥusain (1963). "Tughluq Dynasty". Thacker, Spink. p. 444.

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  138. Smith 1920, pp. 248–254.

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  139. Jackson 1999, pp. 312–317.

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  148. Eraly, Abraham (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin UK. p. 261. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8. The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation "Sayyid", which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but his forebears were likely Arabs who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him in the post but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.

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  151. Eaton 2020, "The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.".

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  202. Habib, Irfan (2011). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500. Pearson Education. p. 53. ISBN 9788131727911.

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  211. Angus Maddison (2001), The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, pages 241-242 Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, OECD Development Centre

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  218. Harle 1994, pp. 421, 425; Yale, p. 165; Blair & Bloom 1995, p. 149.

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  245. Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, ISBN 978-9004061170, Brill Academic, p. 7-10.

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  258. Andre Wink (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries. Brill. p. 333. ISBN 9004102361. We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the latter to the worship of the true God

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  259. Carl W. Ernst (2004). Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-19-566869-8.

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  268. Eaton, Richard M. (2020) 1st pub. 2019. India in the Persianate Age. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-141-98539-8. * Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300088694.

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  286. Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Asher, Catherine B. (1994). "Delhi Sultanate". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 242–250. ISBN 978-1-56859-021-9.

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  288. Kumar, Sunil (2007). The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286. Permanent Black. ISBN 978-81-7824-147-0.

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