FOLLOW THE FOOTNOTES

Baro-Bhuiyan

50 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

Open the Wikipedia article ↗ · Snapshot retrieved 2026-09-28.

An inventory, not blanket verification

These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

The sourced dossier identifies which accounts support each published claim. Original-language editions, offline books and inaccessible articles remain marked for further assessment.

1. 1"In the 13th century, the Indo-Aryan culture still dominated the lives of a major section of the population in the central plains of the Brahmaputra Valley. However, nothing was left of the ancient state of Kamarupa at that juncture, except for what fragments remained of it in the form of petty chiefdoms. The petty chiefs were called _bhuyan_ many of whom were migrant adventurers from North India. The rule by a _bhuyan_ was called _bhuyan-raj_ and their temporary confederacies were known as _bara-bhuyan raj_."(Guha 1983
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
2. ↑"The tradition of Bara Bhuyan is peculiarly common to both Assam and Bengal." (Neog 1992
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
3. ↑"The Bhuyans of Assam have nothing to do with _Bhuihars_ or _Babhans_ of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar..." (Neog 1992
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
4. ↑"The Bara Bhuyans of Kamarupa played a similar role in the country's history round about the thirteenth century...Jadunath Sarkar holds that Husamuddin Iwaz (c.1213–1227) reduced some of the Barabhuyans to submission when he attacked Kamarupa." (Neog 1992
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
5. ↑"Some of the Bara Bhuyans of Bengal are mentioned in the _Akbar-namah_ and _Ain-i-Akbari_ so that the institution seems to have been in existence even before the times of Akbar." (Neog 1992
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
6. ↑(Neog 1980
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
7. ↑(Neog 1980, p.49)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
8. ↑(Neog 1980, p.48)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
9. ↑"The territories under the Bhuyans, a growing landlord class, mostly belonging to the Brahmanas and Kayasthas, in the middle of the valley on both banks of the Brahmaputra"(Sarma 2010
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
10. ↑"It is usually believed that the Bhuyans constituted a Hindu caste. But the Darrang Raj Vamshavali, as well as in Persian sources like the Akbarnama and the Ain-i-Akbari, there are references to Muslim Bhuyans as well. This confirms that the Bhuyans were a class rather than a caste."(Nath 1989
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
11. ↑"The Karatoya on the western border is a well-known river now flowing through the Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal and the Rangpur and Bogra Districts of Bangladesh while the junction of the Brahmaputra and the Laksha (modern Lakhya) at the southern boundary now stands near the border between near the border between the Dacca and Mymensingh Districts of Bangladesh." (Sircar 1990
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
12. 1Abdul Karim (2012). "Bara Bhuiyans, The". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗
13. ↑Akbarnama, Volume III, Page 647
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
14. ↑. _Banglapedia_. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗
15. ↑"We, incidentally, do not deny that some kind of fragmentation had taken place in Assam but would argue that the process set in quite early, in the 9th century, in fact. We get a good deal of information on this point from the epigraphic records." (Lahiri 1984
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
16. ↑"The parcellization of political power was reinforced by the large scale donations of land which comprise the most important economic trend in this period. Although the first land grant from Assam was issued in the 5th century A.D. (the Nagajari Khanikargaon fragmentary stone inscription), from the 9th century onwards, police, revenue and administrative rights were granted away along with large plots of land by reigning monarchs to brahmins; this trend continued right till the end of the 12th century. The Nowgong plates of Balavarman III (end of the 9th century) are fairly illustrative of this point." (Lahiri 1984, p.62)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
17. ↑"On the one hand, they were linked through economic ties with the common people--they were the beneficiaries of large scale land donations, plots, sometimes villages, which very often had to be cultivated by others." (Lahiri 1984
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
18. ↑The importance of this class of landed intermediaries in pre-Ahom Assam is worth mentioning. That significant links existed between the brahmins and the common people is evident from the penetration of Sanskrit culture to the grass roots level." (Lahiri 1984
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
19. ↑"The basic point we are trying to make is this: if the brahmin landed intermediaries by the 13th century are vested with political, administrative and economic power, if the village has emerged as a self-sufficient axis, this entire structure would only be marginally affected by fragmentation at the central level." (Lahiri 1984
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
20. ↑"Not all of them were transformed into local bhuyan chiefs, since many of the bhuyans were known to be migrant adventurers of high caste, coming from North India after the fall of Kanauj to the Turko-Afghans." (Guha 1984
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
21. ↑(Neog 1980
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
22. ↑Neog, Maheswar, Early History of the Vaishnavite Faith and Movement in Assam, p. 29, It is supposed to have been written in 1586 saka (1664 AD).
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
23. ↑Maheswar Neog states that the Adi-cwita, ascribed to Madhavadeva, has created much ill feeling among the Vaisnavas of Assam, and has been denounced by the more considerate section of sattra pontiffs and literary men alike.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
24. ↑Neog, Dimbeswar (1947). _Introduction to Assam_. pp.72–74. Like the authorship, the historicity of Adi charita is doubtful. As the composition seems to lack the serenity and classicism of Madhawadew, the accounts also appear to be mainly based on legends and popular traditions, and as such are less than authentic. Arimatta himself is at best a legendary figure..So the Adi Charit cannot be depended on as anything approaching a history of the Bara Bhuyans.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
25. ↑"On the behalf of the Ahom king, they fought with and killed, the Kachari and Dhirnarayana, the Chutiya king"(Neog 1980
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
26. ↑(Neog 1980
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
27. ↑(Neog 1980, p.57)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
28. ↑Gogoi, Nityananda (2016). _Historical Geography of Medieval Assam_. Guwahati: EBH Publishers (India).
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
29. ↑(Nath 1989
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
30. ↑Gogoi, Nityananda (2016). _Historical Geography of Medieval Assam_. Guwahati: EBH Publishers (India).
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
31. ↑Singh, Richa (2023). "Polities of North-Eastern India". Indira Gandhi National Open University.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
32. ↑Singh, Richa (2023). "Polities of North-Eastern India". Indira Gandhi National Open University.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
33. ↑(Neog 1980, p.58)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
34. ↑(Neog 1980, p.41)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
35. 1(Neog 1980, p.51)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
36. ↑(Misra 2016
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
37. ↑(Misra 2016
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
38. ↑(Neog 1980
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
39. ↑(Neog 1980
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
40. ↑(Neog 1980, pp.53–54)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
41. ↑(Neog 1980, pp.54–55)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
42. ↑"A tale of Baro-Bhuiyans". _The Independent_. Dhaka. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
43. ↑Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). _Bangladesh: Past and Present_. APH Publishing. pp.64–. ISBN978-81-7648-469-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
44. ↑Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996). _The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760_. University of California Press. pp.148–. ISBN978-0-520-20507-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
45. ↑Bhattasali, Nalini Kanta (1928). "Bengal Chiefs' Struggle for independence in the reign of Akbar & Jahangir". _Bengal, Past & Present_. **35**. Calcutta Historical Society.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
46. ↑Saha, Sanghamitra (1998). _A handbook of West Bengal_. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p.110. ISBN9788185692241.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
47. ↑_Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal_. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1939.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
48. ↑Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Bahadur Khan". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). _Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh_ (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN984-32-0576-6. OCLC52727562. OL30677644M. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗
49. ↑Nagendra Nath Ray (1929). _Pratapaditya_. B. Bhattacharyya at the Sree Bhagabat Press.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗
50. 1Mohar Ali, Muhammad (1985). _History of The Muslims of Bengal Vol.I A_. Imam Muhammad ibn Saʾūd Islamic University. pp.297–298. ISBN9840690248.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

Bibliographic metadata derived from Wikipedia contributors, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Rendering and formatting changed; explanatory quotations are omitted. Article content can change after retrieval.