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Aurangzeb

327 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

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"Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF). ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Khomdan Singh Lisam (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). Gyan Publishing House. p. 706. ISBN 9788178358642. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Gul Rahim Khan (2021). "Silver Coins Hoard of the Late Mughals from Kohat". Ancient Pakistan. 18. Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar: 16. ISSN 2708-4590. In gold there is no more type. In silver some other types like Abu al Muzaffar Muhiuddin/ Muhammad (and date) / Bahadur Alamgir/ Aurangzeb/ Badshah Ghazi or
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Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Volume 3. Harvard University; Royal Irish Academy. 1893. p. 398. Retrieved 20 March 2024. The Emperor's name and title were proclaimed in the pulpit as Abu al-Muzaffar Bahadur ' Alamgir Badshah i Ghazi
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Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-1-78347-572-8. Aurangzeb (1658–1707). Aurangzeb's rule, spanning a period of 49 years
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Bayly, C.A. (1990). Indian society and the making of the British Empire (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-38650-0.
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Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
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József Böröcz (2009). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-135-25580-0. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
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Manucci, Niccolao (1989). Mogul India Or Storia Do Mogor 4 Vols (Vol 1). Set. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited. pp. 356–57. ISBN 817156058X.
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"Aurangzeb: Why is a Mughal emperor who died 300 years ago being debated on social media?". 20 May 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
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Eaton, R. M. (1 September 2000). "TEMPLE DESECRATION AND INDO-MUSLIM STATES". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3): 283–319. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283. ISSN 0955-2340.
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Ali, A.; Thiam, I.D.; Talib, Y.A. (2016). The Different aspects of Islamic culture: Islam in the World today; Retrospective of the evolution of Islam and the Muslim world. UNESCO Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-92-3-100132-1.
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Smith, Vincent Arthur; Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth (1919). The Oxford history of India, from the earliest times to the end of 1911. Robarts - University of Toronto. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
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Truschke 2017.
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Bibb, Sheila C.; Simon-López, Alexandra (2019). Framing the Apocalypse: Visions of the End-of-Times. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-39944-0.
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Spear, Percival. "Aurangzeb". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
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Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E., eds. (2012). Events that formed the modern world: from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-59884-901-1.
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Massignon, Louis (2003). "An Experiment in Hindu-Muslim Unity: Dara Shikoh". In Waseem, M. (ed.). On Becoming an Indian Muslim: French Essays on Aspects of Syncretism. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-565807-1.
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Mukerjee 2001, p. 23.
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Eaton, Richard M. (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-520-97423-4. OCLC 1243310832.
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Gandhi, Supriya (2020). The emperor who never was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-674-98729-6. OCLC 1112130290.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 3.
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Gandhi, Supriya (2020). The emperor who never was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-0-674-98729-6. OCLC 1112130290.
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Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7. OCLC 191926598.
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Truschke 2017, pp. 17–18.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 4.
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"Prince Awrangzeb facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar (7 June 1633)". Royal Collection Trust.
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Sarkar 1925, pp. 8–10.
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Sarkar 1925, pp. 8–10 Jadunath Sarkar writes, "Dara Shukoh is unjustly taunted with cowardice in the above speech. He was at some distance from Shuja and Aurangzib, and could not, even if he had wished it, have come to Aurangzib's aid as the affair was over in a few minutes" (Sarkar 1925, p. 10)
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Hansen, Waldemar (1996) 1972. The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 122–124. ISBN 978-81-208-0225-4. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 10.
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Mehta (1986, p. 374)
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Mehta, J.l. (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. p. 418.
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Sarker, Kobita (2007). Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth: the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals. p. 187.
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Mukherjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions. Gyan Books. p. 128. ISBN 978-8-121-20760-7.
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Subhash Parihar, Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture (1999), p. 149
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Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012). Events That Formed the Modern World. p. 254.
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Shujauddin, Mohammad; Shujauddin, Razia (1967). The Life and Times of Noor Jahan. Caravan Book House. p. 1.
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Ahmad, Moin-ud-din (1924). The Taj and Its Environments: With 8 Illus. from Photos., 1 Map, and 4 Plans. R. G. Bansal. p. 101.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 11 "On 13th December, 1634, though not yet sixteen, he got his first post in the Mughal peerage
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Richards (1996, p. 130)
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Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
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George Michell and Mark Zebrowski, Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 12.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 38.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 49.
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Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age. Penguin Books India. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-14-310262-5.
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Chandra, Satish (2002) 1959. Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740 (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-19-565444-8.
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Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005). Captive princess: Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. Translated by Hamid, Enjum. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-579837-1.
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Mukerjee 2001, p. 53.
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Sarkar 1925, pp. 54–56.
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Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (1): 82–84. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05002313. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 145371208.
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Richards (1996, p. 128)
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Sarkar 1925, p. 53.
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The Calcutta Review, Volume 75, 1882, p. 87.
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Sir Charles Fawcett: The Travels of the Abbarrn India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674 Hakluyt Society, London, 1947, p. 167.
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M. S. Commissariat: Mandelslo's Travels In Western India, Asian Educational Services, 1995, p. 57.
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Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005). Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 41. ISBN 978-0-195-79837-1.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 66.
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Ahmad, Fazl. Heroes of Islam. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraff, 1993. Print.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 46.
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Campbell, James McNabb (1896). History of Gujarát. Bombay: Government Central Press. p. 280. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
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Subramanian, Archana (30 July 2015). "Way to the throne". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
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Sarkar 1925, p. 72
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Richards (1996, pp. 132–133)
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Munis D. Faruqui (2012). The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-107-02217-1. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
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Richards (1996, pp. 134–135)
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Sarkar 1925, p. 151
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Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 267–269. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
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Richards (1996, pp. 140, 188)
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Prasad, Ishwari (1974). The Mughal Empire. Allahabad: Chugh Publications. pp. 524–525. OCLC 1532660. Aurangzeb marched in the direction of Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it
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Mukhoty, Ira (17 May 2018). "Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh's fight for the throne was entwined with the rivalry of their two sisters". Scroll.in.
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Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Richards (1996, pp. 151–152)
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Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9.
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"Marc Gaborieau" (in French). Centre d'Études de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
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Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
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Syed, Anees Jahan (1977). Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab. Somaiya Publications. pp. 64–65. OCLC 5240812.
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Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002) 1990. Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450–1850 (illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-52305-9.
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Richards (1996, p. 159)
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Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. p. 272. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
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Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 183. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
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Richards (1996, p. 162)
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The Cambridge History of India (1922), vol. IV, p. 481.
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Larson, Gerald James (1995). India's Agony Over Religion. State University of New York Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7914-2411-7.
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Allan, J.; Haig, Sir T. Wolseley (1934). Dodwell, H. H. (ed.). The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
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Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920). The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911. Clarendon Press. p. 412.
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Dictionary of Wars. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2013. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.
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"Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF). ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Hussein, S M (2002). Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707. Kanishka Publishers Distributors. p. 158. ISBN 978-81-7391-489-8.
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Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003): هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء, Kanishka Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7391-537-6
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Truschke 2017, p. 56: "But between 1679 and 1707 Aurangzeb increased Hindu participation at the elite levels of the Mughal state by nearly 50 percent. Hindus rose to 31.6 percent of the Mughal nobility. This dramatic rise featured a substantial influx of Marathas as a strategic aspect of expanding Mughal sovereignty across the Deccan."
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Malik, Jamal (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Brill. p. 190. ISBN 978-90-04-16859-6.
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Truschke 2017, p. 58: "Quite possibly rising numbers of Marathas—to the extent that they outnumbered Rajputs among Mughal nobles—unsettled other groups within the nobility and prompted an attempted (if failed) scaling-back in Hindu officers across the board."
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Sachi Patel (2021). Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-000-45142-9. In the second half of his rule, North India seems to have become less important than the South; hence even though the Hindu nobles increased in the administration, the Rajputs become less important, now outnumbered by the Marathas.
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Laine, James W. (2015). Meta-Religion: Religion and Power in World History. Univ of California Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-520-959996. Aurangzeb certainly continued to employ Hindu nobles, but did seek to reduce the number of non-Muslim nobles allied to his court, and encouraged high-ranking Hindus to convert to Islam.
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Maddison, Angus (2003): Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics, OECD Publishing, ISBN 92-64-10414-3, pp. 259–261
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Ahmed Sayeed (2020). Negate Fighting Faith. Oxford University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-93-88660-79-2.
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Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2a. p. 52. doi:10.1017/chol9780521219488. ISBN 978-1-139-05504-8.
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History of Indian Nation: Medieval India. K. K. Publications. 2022. p. 155.
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Brick, David (7 April 2023), Brick, David (ed.), "Sati", Widows Under Hindu Law, Oxford University Press, p. 0, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664544.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-766454-4, retrieved 23 September 2026
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S. M. Ikram; Ainslie T. Embree (1964). "17". Muslim Civilization in India (Ebook). Columbia University Press. Retrieved 25 November 2023. Aurangzeb was most forthright in his efforts to stop sati. According to Manucci, on his return from Kashmir in December, 1663, he "issued an order that in all lands under Mughal control, never again should the officials allow a woman to be burnt." Manucci adds that "This order endures to this day."/26/ This order, though not mentioned in the formal histories, is recorded in the official guidebooks of the reign./27/ Although the possibility of an evasion of government orders through payment of bribes existed, later European travelers record that sati was not much practiced by the end of Aurangzeb's reign. As Ovington says in his Voyage to Surat: "Since the Mahometans became Masters of the Indies, this execrable custom is much abated, and almost laid asi
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (1): 78. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05002313. S2CID 145371208.
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Indian Archives: Volume 50. National Archives of India. 2001. p. 141.
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Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 255–256. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
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Richards (1996, p. 171)
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Chandra, Satish (2006) 1999. Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals: Mughal Empire (1526–1748) (Second Reprint ed.). Har-Anand Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 350. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
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Satish Chandra (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. Although Aurangzeb had not raised the slogan of defending Islam before the battle of Samugarh with Dara, and had tried to befriend the Rajput rajas as we have seen, there were a number of factors which make it necessary for Aurangzeb to present himself as the defender of the sharia, and to try and win over the theologians. A principal factor was the popular revulsion against his treatment of his brothers, Murad and Dara, both of whom had the reputation of being liberal patrons of the poor and needy. Aurangzeb was shocked when as the time of his second coronation in 1659, the chief qazi refused to crown him since his father was still alive.
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Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (1): 77. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05002313. S2CID 145371208. More importantly, though, the fact that Aurangzeb did not order a universal ban on music lends support to the idea that his regime was less intolerant and repressive than has been widely believed in the past...Thus, the overwhelming evidence against a ban on musical practice in Aurangzeb's reign suggests that the nature of his state was less orthodox, tyrannical and centralised than
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Zaman, Taymiya R. (2007). Inscribing Empire: Sovereignty and Subjectivity in Mughal Memoirs. University of Michigan. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-549-18117-0.
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Mukhia, Harbans (2004). The Mughals of India. Wiley. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-631-18555-0. learnt that in Multan and Thatta in Sind, and especially at Varanasi, Brahmins attracted a large number of Muslims to their discourses. Aurangzeb
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Eaton, Richard (2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3): 305, 307–309. doi:10.1093/jis/11.3.283. In early 1670, soon after the ring-leader of these rebellions had been captured near Mathura, Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of the city's Keshava Deva temple and built an Islamic structure ('īd-gāh) on its site
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"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
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Sadiq Ali (1918), A Vindication of Aurangzeb: In Two Parts, p. 141
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Vipul Singh, The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, Pearson Education India, p. 152, ISBN 978-81-317-1753-0
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Na, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im; Naʻīm, ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad (2009). Islam and the Secular State. Harvard University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-674-03376-4.
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Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
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Gerhard Bowering; Mahan Mirza; Patricia Crone (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (Hardcover). Princeton University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
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Malik, Zubair & Parveen 2016, pp. 162–163.
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Pirbhai, M. Reza (2009). "Chapter Two : Indicism, Intoxication And Sobriety Among The 'Great Mughals'". Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context. Brill. pp. 67–116. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004177581.i-370.14. ISBN 978-90-474-3102-2.
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Chandra, Satish (September 1969). "Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 12 (3): 322–340. doi:10.2307/3596130. ISSN 0022-4995. JSTOR 3596130.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Truschke 2017, pp. 70–71.
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Lal, Vinay. "Aurangzeb's Fatwa on Jizya". MANAS. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (January–February 2001). "State in the Mughal India: Re-Examining the Myths of a Counter-Vision". Social Scientist. 29 (1/2): 16–45. doi:10.2307/3518271. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3518271.
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Truschke 2017, pp. 70, 94.
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Husain, S.M. Azizuddin (1 July 2000). "Jizya – Its Reimposition During the Reign of Aurangzeb: An Examination". Indian Historical Review. 27 (2): 87–121. doi:10.1177/0376983620000204. ISSN 0376-9836. S2CID 220267774.
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Lal, Vinay. "Aurangzeb, Akbar, and the Communalization of History". Manas.
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Kulke, Tilmann (2020). "Aurangzeb and Islam in India : 50 years of Mughal Realpolitik". In Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.). Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions. Routledge. pp. 194–195. doi:10.4324/9780429054853-14. ISBN 978-0-429-05485-3. S2CID 226338454.
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Husain, S. M. Azizuddin (2002). Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb, 1658–1707. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7391-489-8.
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"Aurangzeb: Religious Policies". MANAS. Retrieved 23 September 2026.
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https://www.lse.ac.uk/asset-library/information/wp120.pdf bare URL PDF
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Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017). South Asia in World History. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3.
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Smith, Haig Z. (2022). Religion and Governance in England's Emerging Colonial Empire, 1601–1698. Springer Nature. pp. 215, 216. ISBN 978-3-030-70131-4.
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Puniyani, Ram (2003). Communal politics: facts versus myths. Sage Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7619-9667-5. he kept changing his policies depending on the needs of the situation
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Mukhia, Harbans (2004). "For Conquest and Governance: Legitimacy, Religion and Political Culture". The Mughals of India. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 25–26. doi:10.1002/9780470758304.ch1. ISBN 978-0-470-75830-4. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Subodh, Sanjay (2001). "Temples Rulers and Historians' Dilemma: Understanding the Medieval Mind". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 62: 334–344. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44155778.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
Pauwels, Heidi; Bachrach, Emilia (July 2018). "Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images' Exodus from Braj". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 28 (3): 485–508. doi:10.1017/S1356186318000019. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 165273975.
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Kulkarni, G. T. "Some Observations on the Medieval History of the Deccan." Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, vol. 34, no. 1/4, 1974, pp. 101–102. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42931021. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
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Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) 1948. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 346. OCLC 924890. Mir Jumla was appointed governor of Bengal (June 1660) and ordered to punish the kings of Kuch Bihar and Assam.
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Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) 1948. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. pp. 346–347. OCLC 924890. Mir Jumla left Dacca on 1st November 1661
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Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) 1948. The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 350. OCLC 924890. Mir Jumla set out on his return on 10th January 1663, travelling by pālki owing to his illness, which daily increased. At Baritalā he embarked in a boat and glided down the river toward Dacca, dying on 31st March.
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Chaitanya, Krishna (1994). A History of Indian Painting: The Modern Period. Vol. 5. Abhinav Publications. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-81-7017-310-6. In the letter to Aurangzeb in his Zafarnama, Gobind Singh opposes the emperor not because he is a Muslim, but condemns him because he had betrayed Islam by his deceit, unscrupulousness and intolerance. 'You, who profess belief in the one God and the Koran do not have at heart an atom of faith in them... You neither recognise any God, nor do you have any respect for Prophet Mohammed.'
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Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2018) 1998. "5. India between empires: decline or decentralization?". Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-10607-6. 'Black is the Mughal's heart towards all us Pathans', complained the Pushto poet Khushal Khan Khattak about Aurangzeb's incursions in the tribal regions of the northwest frontier of India.
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Omrani, Bijan (July 2009). "The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border". Asian Affairs. XL: 182. The situation deteriorated and matters came to a head in 1675, at the time of the last great Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. He launched a terrible scorched earth policy, sending thousands of soldiers into the valleys, burning, despoiling, smashing villages and killing as many tribesmen as possible. He also successfully used bribery to set the tribal chiefs against each other, thus fomenting so much mutual suspicion that they were too busy fighting each other to fight the Mughal Empire. This worked up to a point. But the resulting legacy of mistrust between the tribes destroyed any prospect that unified political institutions might slowly emerge or that the laws and government of the settled regions might be adopted.
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Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa. pp. 595–610. ISBN 9788129115010. With Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the first phase of Rathore resistance against the Mughals ended. Ajit Singh wrested the fort and city of Jodhpur from the imperial qiledar on March 12, 1707, after killing or dispersing the imperial garrison. Thereafter, while the sons of Aurangzeb were involved in a struggle for the imperial throne Ajit Singh succeeded in extending his sway over Sojat, Pali and Merta.
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Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950) First published 1948. An advanced history of India. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Macmillan & Co. pp. 502–504.
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Braudel, Fernand (1992) 1979 (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin: Le Temps du Monde). Civilization and Capitalism: 15th–18th Century: The Perspective of the World. Vol. III. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-520-08116-1. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
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Sohoni, P., 2016. A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 4(2), pp. 63–69.
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Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. 41 (1): 79. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05002313. S2CID 145371208.
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Irvine 1971, p. 33.
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Mehta, Jaswant (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813. Elgin Ill, US: New Dawn Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.
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Truschke 2017, Chapter 1: Introducing Aurangzeb: "Some follow the Indian line that Aurangzeb was a straight-up bigot, whereas others view him as one of the few truly righteous Muslim rulers of old."
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Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015). Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-85773-246-0.
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Shakir, Moin, ed. (1989). Religion State And Politics in India. Ajanta Publications (India). p. 47. ISBN 978-81-202-0213-9.
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Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books. pp. 398–399. ISBN 978-0-14-100143-2. "In 1670, all temples around Ujjain were destroyed … 300 temples were destroyed in and around Chitor, Udaipur and Jaipur".
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Avari 2013, p. 115: "Aurangzeb's religious policy caused friction between him and the ninth Sikh guru, Tegh Bahadur. In both Punjab and Kashmir the Sikh leader was roused to action by Aurangzeb's excessively zealous Islamic policies. Seized and taken to Delhi, he was called upon by Aurangzeb to embrace Islam and, on refusal, was tortured for five days and then beheaded in November 1675. Two of the ten Sikh gurus thus died as martyrs at the hands of the Mughals."
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Haroon, Asif (2004). Muhammad Bin Qasim to General Pervez Musharraf: Triumphs, Tribulations. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. p. 70. ISBN 978-969-35-1624-1. To start with, Aurangzeb gradually transformed the system of governance as per the dictates of Shariah
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"Mughal dynasty | History, Map, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
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Avari 2013, p. 115: citing a 2000 study, writes "Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of eighty destructions."
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Truschke 2017, p. 85: "Nobody knows the exact number of temples demolished or pillaged on Aurangzeb's orders, and we never will. Richard Eaton, the leading authority on the subject, puts the number of confirmed temple destructions during Aurangzeb's rule at just over a dozen, with fewer tied to the emperor's direct commands. Other scholars have pointed out additional temple demolitions not counted by Eaton, such as two orders to destroy the Somanatha Temple in 1659 and 1706 (the existence of a second order suggests that the first was never carried out). Aurangzeb also oversaw temple desecrations. For example, in 1645 he ordered mihrabs (prayer niches, typically located in mosques) erected in Ahmedabad's Chintamani Parshvanath Temple, built by the Jain merchant Shantidas. Even adding in such events, however, to quote Eaton, "the evidence is almost always fragmentary, incomplete, or even c
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Truschke 2017, pp. 55–58: "That percentage of Hindus in imperial service
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Muhammad Salih al-Munajjid (18 April 2015). "Biography of the Moghul ruler Aurangzeb; was he Salafi in his 'aqeedah?". IslamQA. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
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Muhammad Khalil Al-Muradi (1997). سلك الدرر في أعيان القرن الثاني عشر (in Arabic). Dar al Kutub al 'Alamiyya. p. 113. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
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Nimr, 'Abd al-Mun'im (1981). Tarikh al-Islam fi al-Hind. Beirut : Al-Mu'ssasah al-Jam'iyah al-Dirasat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi. pp. 286–288. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
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Deepaj Kamboj (3 September 2014). "Shaikh Inayat-Allah Kamboh". KambojSociety.com. Kamboj Society. Retrieved 18 November 2023. Modern Asian Studies 1988, p. 308; Cambridge University Press Online Journals. Asia Shah Jahan, 1975, p. 131, Henry Miers Elliot – Mogul Empire
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Mohammad Nurul Alam Rafiq Ahmed; Rafiq Ahmed (2010). World Heritage & Records of Sufism Volume – II (paperback). World Spiritual Assembly. ISBN 978-0-615-37164-1.
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Haroon Khalid (1 October 2018), "In India and Pakistan, religion makes one country's hero the other's villain", Quartz India. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
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Munis D. Faruqui "Book review of Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King" in Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 87, Issue 1, March 2019, p. 300
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Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012). The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1.
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Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 489. ISBN 978-1-107-05212-3.
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Ahmed, Akbar S. (2002) 1987. Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society (Rev. ed.). Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-415-28525-4.
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Irfani, Suroosh (July–December 1996). "Review Article: Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. 13 (2): 116.
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فريق بصمة (October 2016). التاريخ كما كان (ebook) (in Arabic). كتوبيا للنشر والتوزيع. p. 92. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
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Jalal, Ayesha (February 1995). "Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1): 79. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061596. S2CID 162731882.
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Ali, Mubarak (September–October 1992). "Akbar in Pakistani Textbooks". Social Scientist. 20 (9/10): 73–76. doi:10.2307/3517719. JSTOR 3517719.
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Shaikh, Zeeshan (5 September 2015). "A capital road gone, Mughal king Aurangzeb lives in 177 towns and villages". The Indian Express. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
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Hasan, Farhat (16 May 2019). "Nationalist representations of the Mughal state: The views of Tilak and Gandhi". Studies in People's History. 6 (1). Sage Publications: 52–62. doi:10.1177/2348448919834791. ISSN 2348-4489. S2CID 182002531.
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"ʾÁlamgír-náma, of Muhammad Kázim". The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians. Cambridge Library Collection – Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. 2013. pp. 174–180. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139507202.014. ISBN 978-1-139-50720-2.
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Lokapally, Vijay (21 June 2016). "Understanding Aurangzeb". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
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Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41558-061-8
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Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584.
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Malik, Adnan; Zubair, Muhammad; Parveen, Uzman (2016). "Effects of social reforms of shaykh Ahmad sirhindi (1564–1624) on Muslim society in the sub continent". Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 55 (2). University of Karachi: 155–164. doi:10.46568/jssh.v55i2.70. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
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Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-745-0.
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Mukerjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-0760-7.
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Richards, John F. (1996) 1993. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
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Sarkar, Jadunath (1925) 1912. History of Aurangzib Vol. I-II (PDF) (2nd ed.). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2017. Alt URL
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Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0203-8. (First published by Penguin Random House India under the title Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth.)
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Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal world. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85209-4.
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Faruqui, Munis D. 2026. Aurangzeb ‘Alamgir and the Mughal Empire: A History Retold. Cambridge University Press.
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Hansen, Waldemar (1986) 1972 (Holt, Rinehart, Winston). The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0225-4.
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Khan, Khafi (2006) 1718. Hashim, Muhammad (ed.). Muntakhab-ul Lubab. Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
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Khān, Muḥammad Bakhtāvar (1979). Mir'at al-'Alam: History of Emperor Awangzeb Alamgir. Translated by Alvi, Sajida. Lahore: Idārah-ʾi Taḥqīqāt-i Pākistan.
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Kruijtzer, Gijs (2009). Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India. Leiden University Press. ISBN 978-90-8728-068-0.
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Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain. A Short History of Pakistan. University of Karachi Press.
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Sarkar, Jadunath (1972). History of Aurangzib. Bombay: Orient Longman.
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Singh, Khushwant (2000). Delhi (Open Market ed.). Penguin USA. ISBN 0-14-012619-8.
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Tillotson, Giles (2008). Taj Mahal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06365-5.
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